Government Deficit Spending Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Government Deficit Spending - Research Paper Example Another way of reducing budget deficit is by increasing the number of people under taxation. In the current taxation system, couples earning more than $ 200, 000 per month are exempted from a certain level of taxation. Creating an equal taxation rate in all American citizens may significantly increase the rate at which the government contains revenue. An increase revenue collection will increase the GDP thus minimizing the debts incurred through borrowing. In an argument by Masters collecting enough tax from the citizens may reduce unsure the budget value is not exceeded. Additionally, the author points out that this may also increase government earning significantly even creating a surplus in the proposed budget. The congress also proposed creation of budget policies that may prevent the government from over spending from the budget proposed amount. Â  Over the years, the government has surpassed on expenditure amount as specified in the national budget. For this reason, the amount of debt has increased. However, the proposed budget policies may only be possible if the budget is made flexible and large enough to cater for emergencies and all the requirements over the annual calendar. Â   The white house and the congress disagree on the proposed changes considering the fact that the white house may be affected from the proposed expenditure cuts. However, the white house understands the need to reduce government expenditure. The proposed expenditure and revenue policies require the contribution by both parties.

New venture opportunity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

New venture opportunity - Essay Example The main aim of ESS Designs will be to provide a simple, classy and well-tailored look for all our clients. We not only want to provide a distinctive look but we also want to be recognized as a trendsetter in the clothing industry. To start with the new company, the first range of product that ESS Designs will focus on will be a collection of jackets for women, men and children. Based on the research that the appointed team members of ESS Designs have conducted, there have been a lot of customer’s requests that have been made by various customers on the scarcity of jackets’ design. Therefore, building upon this, the first range of product that ESS Designs will focus on will be on a collection of jackets for all our targeted clientele. As a start-up company, ESS Designs will first operate in a small geographical region. However, it is evident that with the inception of technology our client reach may go beyond the borders. The company will be located in the United States in Pennsylvania. This is where our headquarters will be. Nevertheless, ESS Designs will embrace the use of advertising and public relation to make our new range of product known and also to build upon the image of the company. It is also worth noting that the prices of our products will be quite pocket-friendly thus aside from quality will strive to ensure that our targeted consumers are well catered for with regards to the pricing range. In order to examine the impact of this new venture, a thorough SWOT analysis will be conducted on ESS Designs.

Weeks v. United States Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Weeks v. United States - Essay Example The police had entered his house without a warrant and searched through his personal property. Finding objects, namely papers, that they felt would lead to a conviction, they confiscated the personal property of Weeks, later using it against him during the trial. The evidence that the police had obtained proved vital in leading to a conviction. However, Weeks, in a stand for his rights filed a complaint, bringing to light this violation. The case reached the Supreme Court, who decided that Weeks’ rights had indeed been violated by the illegal search and seizure of his property and that the resulting decision should be reversed (Weeks vs. U.S., 1914). Now there are many who would argue on behalf of the exclusionary rule. For example, the exclusionary rule has often been considered a candidate for abolishment but it has been argued that â€Å"the drive to abolish the exclusionary rule is fundamentally misguided on constitutional grounds, for the rule can and should be justified on separation of power principals, which conservatives generally support† (Lynch, 1998). However, the constitution was established to uphold principals that the founding fathers believed were important to the country. No doubt, they did not envision a place where the truth could be suppressed and criminals could get away with crimes due to issues of ‘red tape’. The exclusionary rule has the ability to suppress the truth. In fact, this rule is not actually contained in the constitution but is said to be derived from the constitution. As it has been reported, â€Å"the justices who announced the rule viewed it is as judicially implied but constitutionally mandated† (Seligman, 2010). However, what is brought forth through implication is subject to perception, and so arguable. Any instance where those proven guilty beyond a doubt can get away is an issue that needs to be examined and reformed. Otherwise, the law can become meaningless and void; its powers without effect. In

Feminism, focusing on the rights of women, the differences between men Essay

Feminism, focusing on the rights of women, the differences between men and women - Essay Example For long, the discourse on masculinism and feminism, their differences and commonalities included, have either centred around sexism or on the politically correct narrative of equality of men and women. The differences between the males and the females are chiefly studied as physiological and psychological. The physical differences between men and women, for example, weight, shape, size, and anatomy, are tangible and measurable. Due to their characteristic physical attributes men exhibit ‘greater functionality’ and ‘more survival value’ than women. (Conner, 2000). The psychological differences, though, more subtle and difficult to describe, have an important bearing on forming and maintaining of relationships. Psychologists, like Freud, accepting the male as the norm, inadvertently committed the mistake of fashioning the female model with the male cloth (Gilligan, 1987). The differences in physical characteristics, the psychological and thinking patterns, are reinforced by the fact, that 78 genes have been identified that differentiate women from men (bbc.co.uk, 2003), while women have four times as many brain cells as men (Connors, 2000). The greater number of brain cells enable women, to understand, consider, and tackle multiple problems at once, while men, with linear and sequential perspective, prefer to solve them one at a time (Connors, 2000). Various studies have shown that the male and female perceptions start taking shape early in life. As a group, finding their way out of a maze, boys exhibited, by improvising a formal and hegemonic chain of command. Using scouts they maintained a respectable difference from each other. Teenage girls on the other hand, when confronted with the problem, resorted to ‘collective intelligence’ and generated a feeling of ‘togetherness’ to find the way out (Gilligan, 1987). It is also observed that the attitude of boys and girls, toward

Personality Assessments Essay Example for Free

Personality Assessments Essay Psychologists use the method of personality assessments to test personalities. Testing personalities is much like testing intelligence and because it measures something that is intangible and invisible it can be quite the difficult task. There are different theories of personalities and different methods of assessing those personalities; however some methods of assessment are shared between theories. The four theories are psychodynamic, humanistic, trait and social learning and all have different roots. The methods of assessment are projective tests, personal interview, objective tests, and direct observations. The projective tests consist of simple ambiguous stimuli that can elicit an unlimited number of responses. The personal interview is used to obtain information from the person being interviewed and can be structured or unstructured. An objective test is generally a written test that is administered and scored according to a standard procedure. Usually the tests require simple yes or no responses or for one answer among many to be chosen and are widely used. Direct observation observes a person’s actions in everyday situations over a long period. To assess the psychodynamic theory the methods of projective tests and personal interviews is used. To assess the humanistic theory objective tests and personal interview are used. To assess the trait theory objective tests are used. Social learning theory is assessed with the use of interviews, objective tests and observations. Direct observation observes a person’s actions in everyday situations over a long period. To assess the psychodynamic theory the methods of projective tests and personal interviews is used. To assess the humanistic theory objective tests and personal interview are used. To assess the trait theory objective tests are used. Social learning theory is assessed with the use of interviews, objective tests and observations.

Genetically Modified Food Should Be Limited Essay Example for Free

Genetically Modified Food Should Be Limited Essay Cigarettes and alcohol belong to the products with unhealthy substances which annually kill thousands people over the world. Many countries try to solve this global problem through the various campaigns or controversial advertisements. Governments attempt to make people conscious of all negatives of these products. However, this is not a case of genetically modified food. A lot of people are unaware of the content of genetically modified food, which they have been buying and eating every day for several years. New kinds of allergies or various types of diseases star spreading in some countries and a lot of people can not find any reason for getting them. Genetically modified food should belimited because of negative effects on environment, economy, people and society. Lack of information about genetically modified food causes that people do not have any possibility to make the same informed choice; therefore, this nontraditional food should have some limits. There are still a lot of people who have no idea about products which they buy and consume. When people go shopping to supermarkets, they can find great looking fruit, vegetable or meat; however, they can not see a label of GMF. For example, the US is one of the countries which do not require labeling. According to Britanny Shoot (2009), â€Å"the governmental and industry opposition to mandatory labeling has long been rooted in several arguments:† that production cost would be rapidly raised by labeling because of other monitoring of facilities; â€Å"that GM labels will signal safety or nutritional problems for consumers only accustomed to seeing nutritional information on labels and should therefore not be included† and that other labels â€Å"GM† and â€Å"GM-free† would be required. Therefore, production of genetically modified food should have some boundars if there are still countries in which people are not informed about this harmful food. Another point is that, genetically modified food could trigger a lot of different kind of diseases. When scientists have discovered GMF, it was progress in not only science but also sociaty. However, the first illnesses have appeared, since selling of genetically modified food spread over the world. For example, different kinds of allergies or cancers are the most dangerous diseases which could be caused by genetically modified food. According to Myron Stagman, PhD (2006), genetic modification avoid Evolution`s safeguard and can lead to growth of pathogens which often cause recorded, but unpublicized fatal disease epidemics. So people can suffer from some disease without consciousness that it could be caused by GMF. There is an untested virus gene in some GMF that could be toxic and harmful to not only people but also animals. (cited in Virus in GMF, 2013). Therefore, people could not be sure of effects of genetically modified food which they eat. In summary, this nontraditional food should not be without limits. It is also remarkable that genetically modified food could have negative effects on economy. There is a decrease in United State maize exports to the European Union from the beginning of production of GM crops. â€Å"Experts went a high of 2.8 million tons in 1995-96 to virtually nothing during 2000-01. That is a dramatic economic impact on U.S. farmers.† This is information from the source (C. Frompovich 2010). So production of genetically modified food could be slack and incapable to bring yield in some countries. GE crops, which are used commercially, do not support growth of the yield potential of a variety. They might even decline. â€Å"Perhaps the biggest issue raised by these results is how to explain the rapid adoption of GE crops when farm financial impacts appear to be mixed or even negative.† This is information from the source (GMF – renewed, 2008). Thus, genetically modified food should disappear from the market or be limited. Another claim is that genetically modified food may cause environmental dangerous changes. These shifts are related to not only people but also other organisms. An increased level of estrogen is caused by glyphosate, which is used in crops as resistance to weed. It could have harmful and long term effects on all mammals, including people which are very sensitive to the raised rate of estrogen. This is information from the source (Top 10 dangers of GMF, 2009). So, this nontraditional food can contain toxic substances which could cause to some animals harmful effects or deaf. According to Deborah B. Withman (2002), a lot of butterfly caterpillars die because of pollen from b.t. corn. The problem is that butterfly caterpillars which do not eat corn, but milkweed plants, could die because â€Å"pollen from b.t. corn is blown by the wind onto milkweed plants in neighboring fields.† Thus, genetically modified food and his production should be limited. However, the low cost of production and lower selling prices for more food stimulate a lot of people to consider this nontraditional food as the potential solution to the lack of food or even hunger. Therefore, there are still a lot of exponents, who believe that genetically modified food is very beneficial for human beings. While they can be right, there are still a lot of negatives of this controversial food. Some studies have shown that this nontraditional food can cause problems with human digestive system. The incorporation of some substances can interact badly with one another in food. In addition, GMF could cause poisoning, because the modification of certain genes could produce plant substances whichare difficult to digest at all. It is true that genetically modified food could be a solution of hunger and can help in case of the lack of food, but actually this nontraditional food could have several negative effects. Therefore, it should be limited because of negative impacts on humans, their health, environment and economy. It is usually good to invent something new but an advance for scientists do not have to be an advance for all humans. Reference Brittany Shoot (2009, November 25). GMO or No: Problematic Intersections of Religion, Biotechnology, and Food. Retrieved February 16, 2013, from Religiondispatches: http://www.religiondispatches.org/books/2018/gmo_or_no__problematic_intersections_of_religion__biotechnology__and_food__/ Stagman, M. Phd. (2006). GMO Disease Epidemics: Bt-cotton Fiber Disease. Retrieved February 16, 2013, from Portland: http://portland.indymedia.org/en/2006/08/344305.shtml Virus in GM food could be dangerous. (2013, February 8). Retrieved February 12, 2013, from Unknowncountry: http://www.unknowncountry.com/news/virus-gm-foods-could-be-dangerous Catherine J Frompovich. (2010, June 23). Economic Issues Surrounding Genetically Modified Foods. Retrieved February 15, 2013, from Infowars: http://www.infowars.com/economic-issues-surrounding-genetically-modified-foods/ Genetically modified (GM) foods renewed threat to Europe. (2008, December). Retrieved February 16, 2013, from Bangmfood:http://www.bangmfood.org/publications/4-short-leaflets/1-10-reasons-why-we-dont-need-gm-foods Top 10 dangers of genetically modified food. (2009, April). Retrieved February 15, 2013, from Invigorate306: http://www.invigorate360.com/reviews/top-10-dangers-of-genetically-modified-food/ Deborah B. Withman. (2000, April). Genetically Modified Foods: Harmful or Helpful? Retrieved February 15, 2013, from CSA: http://www.csa.com/discoveryguides/gmfood/overview.php.

Treatment for Renal Transitional Cell Carcinoma (TCC)

Treatment for Renal Transitional Cell Carcinoma (TCC) Dear All, Thank you for the new images Roz – it is interesting to follow this case as it unfolds. After reviewing the new CT images I would agree with Susie that they could indicate an alternative diagnosis of a transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the left kidney and ureter. I would like to investigate a couple of the many treatment options available for TCC and aim to answer the question put forward by Susie – ‘What treatment options are available to the patient?’ Renal transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) is a malignant tumour that stems from theepithelial cells lining the urinary tract. Upper urinary tract TCCs (UUTUC) – in this patient’s case involving the left kidney and ureter are uncommon. They account for only 5-10% of urothelial carcinomas (Siegel et al, 2012) although evidence indicates an increase in these malignancies (Jemal et al, 2009). The predisposition UUTUCs have for recurrence, metastases and their multi focal nature mandates aggressive clinical intervention (Cai et al, 2011). Treatment is strongly influenced by tumour stage, which correlates closely with prognosis. Surgical intervention is usually the preferred method of treatment for localised disease. Radical nephroureterectomy Radical nephroureterectomy (RNU) with excision of the bladder cuff is the gold standard treatment for UTUC (Margulis et al, 2009). The aim of surgery is to prevent tumour seeding via bypass of the urinary tract during tumour resection. Since the risk of tumour recurrence is considerable, resection of the distal ureter and its orifice is also performed. Recent research by Lughezzani et al, (2010) concluded that this method – removing the distal ureter and bladder cuff significantly improves survival rates. The traditional open surgical approach to RNUs is being challenged by less invasive approaches, e.g. laparoscopic. Simone et al, (2009), a prospective randomised study of 80 patients with non-metastatic UUUC demonstrated no superior effectiveness of laparoscopic surgery over open RNU, whilst the majority of recent research concludes superior outcomes for a laparoscopic versus open surgical approach (Ariane et al, 2012) and (Ni et al, 2012). Endoscopic Treatment Endoscopic ablation is sometimes indicated in patients with a solitary kidney, in bilateral kidney disease and where major surgery is contraindicated. Although now slightly dated, research by Keeley et al, (1997) is commonly cited in recent literature. Their study looked at the ureteroscopic management of 38 patients (41 kidneys) with upper tract urothelial tumours graded 1 3. After endoscopic treatment, 16 of the 21 (76%) with grade 1 disease were tumour free 4 had recurrences at a mean follow-up of 40.3 months. 9 of the 14 (64%) of grade 2 disease were tumour free 4 had recurrent disease at a mean follow-up of 27.6 months. Finally, 2 of the 5 (40%) grade 3 tumours were tumor free at a mean follow-up of 21 months – no recurrence rates were reported for this group. They concluded that ureteroscopic treatment of the upper urinary tract TCC minimises morbidity and provides excellent success rates in patients with solitary, low-grade tumours. Despite these findings, the tract recurrence risk is hard to calculate because relatively few endoscopic ablation treatments have been performed. Additionally, there is a reported risk of understating and under grading the disease with endoscopic management alone. In order to determine the optimal treatment pathway for a patient with TCC – renal function, tumour grade, stage and location must first be evaluated. I have only examined two of the treatment options available for TCC – would anybody else like to expand upon Susies question by examiningothers? I will not add any further questions as there are a few already outstanding. Kind Regards, Alana Show parent See this post in context RDM032_PRD1_A_2014-15 -> On-Line Case Discussions -> Case 12 -> Re: Case 12 by Alana McInally Wednesday, 19 November 2014, 11:51 PM Dear All, Thank you for posting this interesting case and uploaded images Susie. It appears that Noorayen and I have been working on the same topic over the last few days so although this post is likely to overlap in places, I hope to add insight and an alternative slant. I would like to examine the images and a possible diagnosis. In the right lobe of the liver, there appears to be large 67 x 49 mm, well-defined, heterogeneous mass predominantly hyperechoic in nature. Appearances are in keeping with a solid, rather than cystic, lesion. In the second ultrasound image, the liver lesion looks more isoechoic in echotexture with some internal and peripheral vascularity demonstrated when colour Doppler is applied. The sagittal section of the unenhanced CT abdo-pelvis image also highlights this area of low attenuation in the right lobe. These are unusual findings given the patient’s symptoms acute LIF pain. It would be interesting to know whether the patient has had any other tests carried out, for example any blood work prior to the scans? I agree with Noorayen that ultrasound appearances such as these could represent a Focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH). An FNH is a benign hyperplastic process which results in the normal constituents of the liver being arranged in an abnormally organised pattern – this is caused bya response to a congenital arteriovenous malformation'(Khan et al, 2013). An FNH is considered the second most common tumour of the liver following hepatic hemangiomas (Kang et al, 2010). In the majority of situations (80-95%), FNH arises as a solitary lesion, however, multiple lesions have been known to present themselves (Khan et al, 2013). Ultrasound characteristics of these lesions can vary, making diagnosis using one modality challenging. Lesions can range from hypoechoic, isoechoic to hyperechoic when compared to that of the surrounding liver tissue (Bates, 2011). Venturi et al, (2007) as well as other recent research – state that typical lesions usually demonstrate a large, well circumscribed mass, with a central feeding artery and a radiating spoke-wheel pattern of blood flow (Bates, 2011). It could be suggested that the second ultrasound image shows central blood flow within the lesion, in keeping with the typical appearances described. Although FNHs are normally asymptomatic, which is not in keeping with the patient’s LIF pain, it may indicate that the LIF pain and the liver lesion (located in the RUQ) are unrelated that the liver lesion is instead an incidental finding; this is consistent with the typical diagnosis of an FNH. Most diagnoses occur when patients undergo cross-sectional imaging or surgery for other problems and / or routine medicals (Palladino et al, 2014). Although the use of contraceptive agents is not proven to cause FNH, they may have a role in the development of these lesions. Additionally, they can also act as an irritant causing haemorrhage or infarctions to occur – resulting in symptomatic patients. Malignant transformation of FNH has not been reported (Chung and DeGirolamo, 2011) and FNHs rarely bleed or grow. As a result, the diagnosis of an FNH rarely impacts the patient’s medical management other than the accurate diagnosis of the lesion to prevent unnecessary biopsies, surgery, and further imaging of the lesion. Despite advances in medical imaging, it is difficult to discern an FNH from other focal hepatic lesions. As a relatively recent imaging modality, the use of Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound (CEUS) to identify focal liver lesions is becoming increasingly common (Bartolotta et al, 2009). I will reiterate one of the three outstanding questions does anyone have any further differential diagnoses? Kind regards, Alana Show parent See this post in context RDM032_PRD1_A_2014-15 -> On-Line Case Discussions -> Case 3 -> Re: Case 3 by Alana McInally Tuesday, 18 November 2014, 9:38 PM Dear All, Lucy’s post on the function of the spleen in particular, the implications when it is removed was interesting to read, especially as the spleen’s function and morphology have, in the past, remained unstudied (Lahey and Norcross, 1948). Although they havebecomeless common, as the spleensimportance as an organ isrecognised, splenectomies are still performed and I would like to address Lucy’s question ‘What are the indications for a splenectomy?’. A splenectomy consists of the total or partial surgical removal of the spleen. Literature sources provide a wide spectrum of clinical scenarios for when a splenectomy may be indicated. A general consensus exists for a handful of diagnoses which require a splenectomy. These include: primary cancers of the spleen (very rare), splenic trauma and hematologic diseases. One blood disorder – Hereditary spherocytosis (HS) – often requires treatment via a splenectomy. It involves the loss of specific proteins in the red blood cell membrane, resulting in fragile cells which are further damaged when they pass through the spleen (Encyclopedia of Surgery). This damage ceases once the spleen is removed. Another hematologic disease primary immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) shows the highest cure rate (60-70%) after a splenectomy versus other treatments (Ghanima et al, 2012). Trauma to the spleen can result from damage or rupture from both blunt and penetrating injuries to the abdomen. Studies suggest 25% of trauma injuries are originally caused by medical intervention to the abdomen (Rull, 2012). Laparoscopic splenectomies are often indicated in splenic trauma to prevent internal hemorrhaging and potentially death (NHS Choices, 2014). There are also numerous other conditions where a splenectomy may be indicated / recommended these include: Splenic artery aneurysms surgical resection is often indicated in the presence of large splenic artery aneurysms (over 2 cm in diameter), because the risk of hemorrhage and rupture can be fatal if not treated (Bates, 2011). Multiple splenic abscesses relatively uncommon but have an associated high mortality rate (Provenzale et al, 2012). Some view percutaneous drainage combined with antibiotic therapy as the best management for solitary abscesses (Bates, 2011) whereas other research proposes a splenectomy is the best treatment for multiple abscesses. Splenomegaly – an enlarged spleen (more than 12 cm) (Bates, 2011) as an isolated indicator for a splenectomy is often unjustified. Best practice is to now investigate the underlying cause. Surgery is only indicated if the enlarged spleen is causing serious complications and/or if the underlying cause cannot be identified (NHS Choices, 2014). As Lucy mentioned, there are benefits and risks of a splenectomy. Most research recognises the associated life-long risk of bacterial infection following a splenectomy (Schilling, 2009), combined with the risks of invasive surgery. The general consensus shifts towards a conservative approach – attempting to preserve the spleen as opposed to invasive treatment (Akinkuolie et al, 2010). In our trust I found it hard to locate hospital guidelines and protocols for when splenectomies were considered appropriate. However, I came across one case where a patient had a partial laparoscopic splenectomy using wedge resection to treat splenic trauma. This allowed him to retain some splenic function and additionally he was fortunate enough to have an accessory spleen (present in 30% of the population) – which has the ability to grow and function when a large portion has been removed (Arra et al, 2013). Consequently his splenic function was comparable to that prior to surgery. This technique supports the recent advance towards a conservative outlook on splenectomies. It would be interesting if anyone else is aware of the guidelines in their local hospital for when a splenectomy is indicated? Kind regards, Alana