Erikson’s Timeline Essay

According to Erikson, there are eight stages of life. They are infancy, early childhood, childhood (play age), childhood (school age), adolescents and young adulthood. I just turned 34 this month and I know psychologically that I am in the adulthood portion of my life. Over the years I have caught myself asking questions like; who am I? And how do I fit myself into society? I would say over 10 years ago I began the sixth stage of my life, intimacy versus isolation. When I finished high school I thought I found that special person until I noticed that we became different people. I wanted more out of someone to be able to date and be able to fall in love with the right person. The relationship between the two stages is complex and many people define themselves through intimate relationships with others; and other proper sequence of the stages can be reversed in many people. Woman in the society traditionally exemplified a merging of intimacy and identify issues such as woman identify b eing defined by her intimate relationships. Sometimes it can be hard to separate the differences between the development of intimate relationships and adult itself. Erikson believes that a person is unable to be truly intimate with others until he or she has made progress with addressing their own identity. Marcia’s, the researcher for identity status, developed a similar idea with addressing their own identity. Macias also developed an idea designed to determine the quality of intimacy in a person’s life. A person answered several questions about dating, friendship, and interpersonal he or she commitments may be classified into four categories; Intimate-works at developing mutual personal relationships, has several close friends, involved in a committed love relationship, and is able to express both affectionate and angry feelings in the relationship. Pre-intimate- is a person who has dated but is involved in a committed love relationship, is aware of the possibilities of relating intimately with others, and feels conflicted about commitment and love relationships. Stereotyped- constricted and immature person who has not gone beyond superficial dating relationships, has several friends but they lack significant depth, and he/she dates regularly but does not get involved. Isolated- lacks endurance personal relationships, rarely dates and the person tend to be anxious and immature lacking assertiveness and social skills. If I were to do a test on myself I would say that I am a very mature person who knows what she wants in life because when I am with a person I am very committed and try my hardest to make things work. I would never cheat or do anything to hurt the person that I am with. I don’t have any problems expressing my feelings to my partner. I have a friend who refuses to be in a relationship. I feel that she still has a lot of growing up to do and she enjoys playing with other people’s feelings. These people don’t know what love is yet and might not ever open that page for someone else. As for me I know what love is and what it takes to have a good solid relationship. References: McAdams, (2006) The person: A new introduction to personality psychology (4th ed.) Hoboken NJ: John Wiley & Sons.

India, China, and Japan History Essay

Early offers from the west – The west wanted to trade with china but they rejected it. They had all the stuff they needed and didn’t need any outside help Self-Reliance – China thought they didn’t need any help from the outside Trading limitations – China was self-reliant, so it didn’t tend to trade with other countries. But then again the European countries wanted to trade with them. They set limits on which they would trade with. Opium/Opium war of 1839 – Opium was the cash crop in China, there was a war between the British and the China, China lost and British declared a treaty Treaty of Nanjing – China lost and British declared the Treaty of Nanjing which states that British get Hong Kong Extraterritorial Rights – Is when foreigners do not have to ‘follow’ the rules of that country in a place Taiping Rebellion – Peace war with the peasants Dowager Empress – Cixi was the last emperor of China, and was overthrown by her nephew Sphere of Influence – Another foreign country control your economic powers Open Door Policy – They opened the ‘doors’ to other countries, Doors as in trading Boxer Rebellion – The boxer rebellion was 1900 revolt that was aiming to end foreign rule over parts of their country 1905 World Tour – Where the Chinese went to other countries to study their ways and copy some Constitution – Wrote their constitution based off of Germany Kuomintang – Nationalist party; led by Sun Yixian; a forerunner of the party, overthrew the last emperor of the Qing Dynasty (1644) in 1912 Sun Yixian – 1st great leader of the Kuomintang; wanted a government based on the â€Å"three principles of the people† (nationalism, people’s right, people’s livelihood); lacked authority and military support to fufill his goal; turned over presiden cy to Yuan Shikai (a powerful General) Treaty of Versailles – The treaty of Versailles gave some of China’s land to Japan May 4th Movement – 5000 students plus many farmers, workers, and peasants protesting against Treaty of Versailles Mao Zedong – An assistant librarian at Beijing University; one of the founders of the Chinese Communist Party in Shanghai; one of China’s greatest leaders Chiang Kai-Shek – Son of a middle-class merchant; followers were bankers and business people; feared that social economy is like the USSR; peasants did not support Jiang, Communists; became president of the Nationalist Republic of China Nationalist Republic of China – The national republic of china was a government-kind-of-thing that was lead by the Kuomintang â€Å"Swimming in the peasant sea† – Said by Mao Zedong because he took lenin’s idea but changed them a little bit because he believe the peasants could be revolutionaries†¦ The Long March – Communists fled and hid from the Nationalists led by Jiang, 100,000 communists fled, thousands died from hunger, hypothermia, etc, communists were only one step ahead from Jiang’s forces Unity VS Japan India British East India Company (1600-1858) History- Inside 3 cities: Bombay, Madras, Calcutta; Sir Robert Clive defeats Indian & French army; Leading power in India; Used British officers and Sepoy soldiers (Indian) Sepoy- Soldiers from India Jewel in the Crown† (Benefits of British Rule)- India has the 3rd largest railroad system, modern roads, telephone lines, damn, bridges, irrigation canals, sanitation/public health, schools/colleges, ended local welfare, brought relative peace Negatives of British Rule- British had political/economic power, restricted Indian-owned industries, emphasis on cash crops for Britain (reduced food production/famine), racial attitudes from British to Indians Sepoy Mutiny (1857) – Rumor of British smearing beef & pork lard on cartridges (religious issues); 85/90 people refused and sent to jail May 10, 1858- Sepoys rebelled, took over Delhi; British takes over, end of BEIC, start of RAJ, RAJ was British rule under India, Queen Victoria rewarded those who supported BEIC, and killed those who didn’t Ram Muhum Roy- Began a campaign to move India away from tradition (No caste sy stem and no child marriages) Indian National Congress- Founded in 1885 at Bombay, separates Hindus and Muslims in 1905, Muslim league formed in 1906 Swaraj- Self-Rule Amritsar Massacre (1919)- Indians protested against the Rowlatt Acts, 10,000 Indians protested by praying and fasting, the British fired into the crowd Gandhi – The massacre sets the stage for Gandhi to take over, people boycotted British shops and merchandise. One day, Indians marched 240 miles to the ocean to make their own salt, 60,000+ arrested including Gandhi Raj – (1858-1947) Partition – Had everything separate onto 2 countries; 10 million relocated, 1 million died in the process August 15th, 1947- India is the world’s largest democracy under Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru Japan Prior to the Meiji Era Shoguns- Top people in the Japanese military Contact to the outside world- No contact to the outside world for peasants and workers Commodore Perry (Treaty of Kangawa) – Arrives in 1853 at Tokyo harbor scaring the Japanese with warships delivering a letter from US President Fillmore; US wanted free trade with Japan (Japan also trades with China and the Dutch), more coaling stations, more trading partners, a haven for ship-wrecked sailors; the Treaty of Kangawa in 1854 opened 2 ports for the US, in 1860, the US were allowed to trade, traditionalist did not like the plan Meiji Revolt (1868) – Samurai overthrew the Shogun The Last Shogun- The last shogun was Emperor Mutsuhito who ruled for 45 years, he wanted Japan to modernize; Mutsuhito sent diplomats to Europe and the US Meiji Reforms – Abolition of feudal system, land redistribution, westernize the school system (USA), modernize the army (Germany), modernize Navy (British), Emperor worship, human rights, religious freedom, written constitution (Germany), m odern banking system. In 1890, Japan was the strongest military in Asia, decided to show how strong they are by attacking other countries Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895) – In 1885, China and Japan decide to leave Korea alone. In the month of June in 1894, Korea asks China for help, Japan protested against the help and sent in their military, in only a few months, Japan takes down the entire Chinese Navy. Treaty of Shimonseki (1895) – Japan start having colonies in Korea and Japan Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905) – In 1903, Japan asks if Russia stays out of Manchuria, Russia refuses and they star fighting. Treaty of Portsmouth (1905) – In 1905, the US comes in and used the Treaty of Portsmouth to end the R-J war. They gave Japan its territory and forced Russia out of Manchuria Annexing of Korea – In 1905, Japan made Korea protectorate (sent advisors). In 1907, the Korean king quits and in 1910, Japan annexes Korea.

Group project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Group project - Essay Example However, Google was able to perform a higher business transformation than Yahoo in the last decade. Transformation is about developing strategies, which are designed to create a â€Å"forward thinking† business that keeps in touch with emerging technologies, consumer needs, and creates goals for the future. Such a process involves devising specific company’s staff, programs and policies which aid in the achievement of those goals. Google is considered a transformed e-business. Yahoo provides the same products and resources. However, it is not considered a transformed e-business mainly because it has not achieved an understanding of consumer trends and has not been able to incorporate consumer trends into their goals and strategies (Mills, 2007). The process of transformation that Google has orchestrated for its company is explained in this study. Google grew steadily since its inception in 1998 and made many improvements to its search engine, such as the Google Directory, Search through Wireless Devices, several language versions for those users who preferred to search in their own language, and Google Toolbar. These enhancements propelled Google to become the most popular search engine. At the same time, Google increased its revenue stream through a carefully devised â€Å"Keyword Targeted Advertising program,† and partnership deals with the world’s largest portals, like China’s NetEase and Japan’s BIGLOBE. Another device to attract small businesses was the AdWords program (â€Å"Google Corporate History,† 2007). At the end of 2000, Google was attracting more than 100 million search queries every day. Google continued with its partnerships and innovation to widen its user base. By the end of 2001, and Google had become a profitable company. Google’s search capacity has been evolving every year and it now includes the File Type search, Google Image Search, and Google Catalog Search. It also provides a Google Search

History of Theatrical Costuming Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

History of Theatrical Costuming - Essay Example The purpose of this research is to look at the journey of development that theatrical costuming has gone through so that more insight for the present and future efforts and understanding can be obtained. When we look into the history of medieval theater to understand that what kind of costumes were used that time, we come to know one very obvious piece of information discussed in almost all the documents about costuming history in medieval times. This information is that that time cross-dressing was as common a practice in theatrical performances both in English and French theaters. Cross-dressing means male characters wore costumes of both male and female gender and thus performed both the roles in the theater. Basic reason for this cross-dressing was that female performers were not yet allowed to enter the theatrical world. Furthermore, there are a great many more reasons for this tradition. For example, medieval era was an age in which cultural and ideological thinking was being reshaped for a more refined future culture. That time categories of race and class were less determined. (Clark, & Sponsler, 1995) The striking accounts given in medieval plays like Robin Hood and Marian is that cross-dressing was used for a number of purposes and that it was a very effective device which served as a progressive milestone in medieval plays. For example, Robin Hood disguises a number of times in different dresses, including yeoman, monk, etc. to achieve his goals. A male character can disguise in a female's dress to delay an incident of shame etc. The emphasis in medieval time (both English and French plays) was that the issue of "transgressiveness" was of high importance. Additionally, famous characters' clothing was very popular among spectators as, for instance, band of Robin Hood was sold outside theaters in which Robin Hood plays were performed. People liked to put a feather in their hats like Robin Hood. However, it is not very clearly given as what made it so easy that disguising worked for the characters in a play. Was it a simple society, a people looking over formal differences opposed to reality, and so on These are the issues that surely need extensive research with relation to costuming history in medieval time so that clear cut opinions can be stated. (Clark, & Sponsler, 1995) Italian Renaissance In the time of Italian Renaissance costumes were of the Gothic tradition which had roots in northern Europe until the arrival of the time of mid 15th century. Here costumes became to look more natural. There was robe, with bodice and skirt. Doublets of men became shorter and their hose were attentively donned. By this time women's hair was finely trimmed as they wore thin veils with colorful ribbons and, of course, glittering jewelry. The popular fabric in fashion in Italian Renaissance period was velvet and brocade simply because these fabrics were more colorful and eye-catching. From 1480 to 1510 Italian costuming was dominated chiefly by European fashion. Both the garments of men and skirts of women became shorter. By this time the use of a long grown was abandoned by the people. (Marszalek, & Panagakis, 2004) However, from the period of 1510 to 1550 Germanic influence (which was almost everywhere in Europe) was felt of Italian Renais

Dox Thrash - Making Prints of His Real Life Research Paper

Dox Thrash - Making Prints of His Real Life - Research Paper Example Since the art was funded by the government, the art could be used for government purposes. One such artist is Dox Thrash. Defence Worker is one print created by Thrash which will be examined as a relative piece of art of the Depression Era. Another print from Thrash is Boats at Night which is also inspired by social realism will also be looked at. While Thrash was making prints of his real life, the U.S. government took these prints and used them for their own purposes. Defence Worker and Boats at Night by Dox Thrash will be examined in relation to social realism inspired art being used for United States government propaganda. Dox Thrash created both of these prints using a pioneering technique. Thrash had created a new printing technique called carborundum mezzotint.1 Both prints were commissioned by the WPA during the depression. The subjects of these prints were influenced by social realism. The Depression Era made many artists, including Thrash, rethink their perspectives on life and art. Artists begin to think capitalism might not be the best form of government. Kathe Kollwitz was a German artist that dealt with the same issues as Thrash. One of her paintings will be compared to Thrash in order to show how different countries reacted to the situation after World War I. The artists sketched, painted, or carved art reflecting their new views. An analysis of these two works will be undertaken along with a comparison to Kollwitz’s work. Dox Thrash has created two incomparable prints that illustrated the Depression Era, but his art was used as government propaganda in the end. Dox Thrash’s Defense Worker is a male worker. Thrash completed this piece in 1942.2 The worker is using a jackhammer, power sweeper, or some other piece of equipment. The huge male is a worker. This can be determined by the clothes, boots, and helmet the man wears in this print. There is a white billow of steam behind the figure.     Ã‚  

Inspector Imanishi Investigates Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Inspector Imanishi Investigates - Essay Example Fortunately this has started to change. Although the novel itself does bring up the issue, it is not certain whether the author was completely against women being subordinate, because of the way the inspector treats his wife and sister. Regardless, Inspector Imanishi Investigates is critical of a society in which powerful men are able to do whatever the want to women. Japanese society traditionally does not respect women very much. In fact, Japan in general is a "society where a rigid sex-role division of laobr persists" (Yoshihama 417). This means that women are supposed to do "womens things" and men are supposed to do "manly things," unlike for instance the United States where women can get jobs if they want. "Japan is probably the country with the least commitment to the principle of gender equality in the modern industrialized countries" (Mia 31). Because of this set of traditional circumstances, "women as a group are socialized as inferior to men in terms of esteem, power, honor, privilege, and authority" (Mia 31). This sort of thing can be clearly seen in the novel in how Imanishi treats his wife. The very first time she appears it is doing household chores after Imanishi gets home. Instead of asking her how she is doing, he lies down and takes a nap, and then eats some food she has prepared especially for him, even drinking alcohol with him to make him "comfortable" although she doesnt want any (Matsumoto 10). This is much like reality in Japan, where women are "restricted to assume domestic drudgery" (Mia 31). A few pages later, this is made even more clear when the detective calls his wife in from the kitchen and tells her â€Å"Hurry up and shine my shoes, will you?† (Matsumoto 12). Imanishi does not really know he is doing this to his wife, but because it is culturally acceptable he just accepts it as normal and does not even think about it. In other words "the

Buying Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Buying - Essay Example The company emphasizes the need for sustainable business practices such as the use of organic materials and saving energy. A lot of profit is driven by the company’s proposition of being committed to environmental awareness, and observing the rights of animals. When it comes to prices, Stella McCartney markets itself as understanding even the customer’s pocket. As such the company’s prices are relatively lower as compared to the competition and this presents another competitive edge. In terms of segmentation the company has directed a lot of its focus on women offering accessories, clothing, beauty products and lingerie. it also has products for kids of either sex and has partnered with Adidas to avail a new line of sports performance collection for women. The company’s customer range from women especially young adults who love luxury brands to sports persons and even families with newborns. Stella McCartney has greatly diversified and portrayed herself as a company doing responsible business and as such the customer base is wide. Almost every person today will visit Stella McCartney for products that range from footwear, eyewear, and ready to wear clothes, bags and other accessories and even

Love is a theme long explored by poets whether it is love won or lost, Essay

Love is a theme long explored by poets whether it is love won or lost, unrequited love, erotic love or familial love. Show how poets work within this classic theme in at least two poems - Essay Example â€Å"Funeral Blues† talks about how the extinguishing of one’s love in death seems to extinguish everything else in life, how one cannot imagine the world continuing when one’s beloved has died. â€Å"When You Are Old† takes a slightly different track, focusing on the wide variety of loves one experiences throughout one’s life, either â€Å"false or true† (l. 6) and from a wide variety of people. But this poem also contains a touch of the triste, asking the subject to remember how â€Å"Love fled† to be lost â€Å"among the stars,† which could either refer to an unrequited love (for example, in the subject’s youth) or losing one’s love â€Å"among the stars† through their death (l. 10-11). One of the most interesting things about these poems it that they both adhere to a very strict rhyme scheme that they does not vary in the slightest throughout. Auden’s rhyme scheme is perhaps much more obvious, a simple A B A B pattern which draws the reader’s attention to itself, as opposed to Yeats’s more subtle A B B A which hits the reader a bit less forcefully. Auden’s rhyme scheme, by being so obvious, somewhat removes the speaker of the poem from its events. Rhyme, like any artifice takes time and energy to create, and thus makes its creator seem in control of their faculties and at the peak of their art. This, however, jars somewhat with aspects of the poem that make the pain of death seem immediate to the speaker. Firstly, the speaker uses phrases like â€Å"The stars are not wanted now† (emphasis mine) which create immediacy and make the reader think that the sorrow has just befallen the speaker (l. 13). Secondly, the speaker uses first person, â€Å"I thought that love would last forever, I was wrong† which emphasizes that the speaker is indeed the person who has suffered the loss. This jarring contrast between the artifice of rhyme and the immediacy of pain seems somewhat problematic in this poem. Yeats’s

Business to Business Marketing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Business to Business Marketing - Assignment Example The company under question Cloud Creative Solutions Ltd. is found to work more based on the tool of personal selling while reaching the goods and services produced to the customers. Other than focusing on personal selling alone the company can also render focus on a large number of other marketing communication tools while marketing its different services conducted in the marketing sphere. The different marketing communication tools consist of both traditional means and also other sophisticated modes which depend on the use of internet and digital media. Traditional tools of marketing communication consists of advertising activities on a media plane like use of magazines, newspapers and through other visual and audio modes like radio and television. Moreover advertisements made at various places through the use of billboards can also be used by the company. Cloud Creative Solutions can also market the range of services offered through pasting of advertisements on transport vehicles a nd in entertainment venues like cinema houses. Other forms of marketing communication tools used by retail companies are using different forms of signage both inside and outside the store to attract the attention of consumers. Again the company can work to sponsor large number of events like sports, entertainment and other arts and crafts activities to help gain the views of large number of people. This also helps in enhancing the social image of the company to the external world. The company can also focus on the generation of events like trade shows wherein the consumers get the enlarged view of the different products and services marketed by the company from time to time. Cloud Creative Solutions can also create huge customer hype through the rendering of discounts, promotional coupons, bonus and other price and economy packs to the consumers. The company can also engage in the generation of contests and other sweepstakes to encourage the consumers participate in such events in l arge numbers and thereby gain access and knowledge of the services rendered. Thus Cloud Creative Solutions can depend greatly on the above discussed marketing tools rather than depending greatly on public relations and personal selling to market the large sphere of marketing services. These marketing communication tools in total constitute the realm of promotional tools in the marketing activities of the company (Shimp, 2008, p.7-8). While analyzing the above marketing communication tools it can be inferred that the emergence of the internet would effectively help service marketing companies like Cloud Creative Solutions to gain the attention of large number of consumers both in local and international markets. Moreover through the help of internet marketing the companies can present to the customers lucrative websites containing a large array of information pertaining to the different products and services rendered and thus helps the consumers to make effective choices. Again the i nternet is used as an effective marketing communication tool in that it helps in the spreading of marketing messages of the company to users spread along international boundaries in a highly faster mode than that of other traditional marketing tools depending on digital and printed media. Further the use of mobile communication is also considered as an effective mode for marketing communi

Three Values to a Better Country Essay Example for Free

Three Values to a Better Country Essay It is so outstanding because it is the only developed country in the Asia. It has many strongpoints which other countries should learn from it. However, just like an old English proverb saying-there is no perfect thing in the world. Even though Japan is a very strong country, it still has many aspects which should be improved. In my opinion, there are three values which would help make Japan a better country. They are open-minded, responsibility and humor. First is open-minded. Although Japan has been influenced a lot by western culture, most people still stick to the conservative concept-female should stay at home, not go outside to work. In 2007, Japans GEM(United Nations Development Programs Gender Empowerment Measure, which gauges equality by tracking womans participation in politics and business) was ranked 54th out of 93 countries. Japanese should be open-minded and encourage female to work. If female work, their talent and education can be best made use of. What is more, since males and females are complementary in many aspects, their cooperations with males can propel economic development more effectively. Second is responsibility. According to a survey conducted by Japanese Youth Institute, about 59. 7% American teenagers and 46. 9% Chinese teenagers can be responsible for themselves, but for Japanese teenagers, only 25. %. Because of the lack of responsibility, they do not care about anything, no matter their families or their country; when they meet problems, what they think is not how to solve them, but how to put off their liabilities. We can imagine what awful situation Japan will be if one day this generation takes over it. How can the people without responsibilities be able to develop a country? Therefore responsibility is a very important value if Japan wants to improve. The third one is humor. As we all know, Japan is a country with the highest suicide rate. There are very severe competitions in Japan and Japanese live in a fast-tempo lifestyle. Theyre under much pressure everyday and these pressure lead to suicide. So how to relieve pressure is very crucial. According to scientific research, humor can help people relax themselves, relieve their life pressures and keep their mental healthy. In short, humor can make people have a positive life attitude. Only when people are happy, can they contribute to countrys development. So humor is another value which would help make Japan a better country. When Japanese are more open-minded, they can improve themselves and develop their country; when more Japanese have responsibilities, their society can be more harmonious; when Japanese have more humor, their lives can be more interesting. All in all, if Japan wants to become a better country, open-minded, responsibility and humor would help make it.

Brindage Act 1902 Essay Example for Free

Brindage Act 1902 Essay 1.The Brindage Act 1902 that was implemented on November 12,1902, prohibits the Filipinos to form or join groups against the US government. The Act was created in order to pacify the Filipinos so that it would be easier for the American government to execute their plans for the country. This law states that whoever continues to revolt against the Americans will be considered as thieves. Even though Americans tried to stop the activists, there were still some Filipinos like Macario Sakay that remained fighting. They were affected greatly by the law, because they cannot walk streets without getting themselves arrested. And although they had the rich people funding them from the beginning, it was stop, therefore it led to the lack of food and arms. The bandoleros continued fighting even though some of their fellow Katipuneros surrendered to the US. I consider them heroes and patriots even though it is said that the country is in a â€Å"peaceful situation†, because they were fighting for the independence they fought since the Spanish times. 2.The First Philippine Republic or the Malolos Republic was established along with the proclamation of the Malolos Constitution. This was said to be the end of the Spanish rule. First President Emilio Aguinaldo changed the revolutionary government to a dictatorial and later went back to the revolutionary government. Malolos Republic has its President, Cabinet Members and Ministers, but in my opinion, it is still premature. The departments are messed up like the Department of Foreign Affairs, Navy and Commerce; Department of War and Public Works; Department of Police, Internal Order, Justice, Education and Hygiene; Department of Finance, Manufacturing Industry. It’s as if it was hastened just so they could form departments. I also believe that if this was a successful government, it would last longer, and the Americans could have let go of us to be an independent country.

Ethical Analysis Of The Video Game

Ethical Analysis Of The Video Game Our group chose the video game software development industry as our target industry to examine. We chose this industry because it has had a very interesting dynamic of financials versus ethical issues in the past. First, the institutional investor should be very interested in this industry financially for several reasons. It is a $25 billion industry as of 2011. 49% of U.S. households own a game console, with the average household owning at least one console, smartphone or PC. Eight video games are purchased per second in the United States (esa). Research into an industry leader gathered that Activision Blizzard (ATVI) has been grossly outperforming the market for the last 10 years. With healthy earnings, a substantial profit margin, a modest dividend yield, and a manageable price to earnings ratio, this stock will easily be a welcome addition to any institutional investors portfolio. However, our group suggests that ethical and social issues should also be taken into account when choosing to invest in an industry and a particular stock. Specifically, there is speculation of links between video games and violent crimes, obesity, anti-social behavior and a variety of health problems. The link to violent crimes hits especially close to home in relation to the speculative link between the 2007 Virginia Tech shooting and the video game Doom. In addition, there has been news regarding unethical treatment of development employees. All these will be scrutinized below and must be contrasted with several benefits games afford the community such as high profits and gainful employment for the business. Video games can also produce the benefits of increased attention, positive psychological conditioning, and an outlet for aggression and stress in its players. Following this analysis we will conclude as to whether an institutional investor can feel justified ethically and fina ncially in investing in the video game industry. Ethical Issues and Pressures facing the Gaming Industry The gaming industry battles several ethical dilemmas. These are moral and social choices that have to be made that may or may not conflict with achieving higher profits. These ethical issues could be subdivided into different categories. There are issues pertaining to the nature of the product or game itself, the effect this product has on the consumer engaging in the game, as well as the ethics related to game development such as workplace ethics and developer employment practices. Therefore, there are a vast amount of ethical issues and pressures facing the industry in general that could be addressed, and to cover each and every one of them would far exceed the scope of this analysis. As a result, we will only focus on those ethical issues pertaining to the industry that we believe are especially important for an institutional investor to take into account when making an investment decision for this industry. One ethical issue pertaining to the nature of the game is the ethics of representation. Many activists have criticized video games for being misrepresentative of real demographics. Games like Grand Theft Auto have been criticized for not only misrepresenting minorities as criminals, but also for promoting race violence. In addition, the University of Central Florida concluded that video games vastly misrepresent females. This study chose 33 games and found 41% to contain no females, 28% portrayed women as sex objects, 21% portrayed violence against women, and 30% misrepresented females in terms of their body as well as their positions as damsels in distress or insignificant participants (Dietz, 1998). Do video game manufacturers have a social responsibility to portray population demographics as accurately as possible? If so, does that limit their ability to make riveting gameplay? What is known from previous litigation is that the First Amendment protects gameplay development as free speech and manufacturers are free to create gameplay as their want. Another aspect of the ethics of representation is the portrayal of realism. The more realistic the gameplay the better the user experience, but can being too real be going too far? Recently, seven Navy seals were disciplined for divulging classified tactics and procedures to a Medal of Honor video game. The video game makers, Electronic Arts, state on their website that this game gives the player an authentic experience that puts the gamers in the boots of a soldier (Lerman, 2012). Being too realist can not only divulge secret information to the public, but it also could be seen as training gamers for real situations like that in the game. Examples of this are games like Grand Theft Auto made by Rockstar games. Video game activists, led by Jack Thompson, have been exerting pressure to limit the violence in games, labeling violent games as murder simulators (Jack Thompson (activist)). Violence in video games is seen to be worse than violence in movies, TV or music because games are in teractive. Each play gradually desensitizes and emotionally hardens (termed operant conditioning in psychology) the players to the graphic violence. A 2005 American Psychology Association study corroborates that by stating that there is a causal link between violent video games and teen aggression (Committee led by Elizabeth Carll, 2005). In addition, the games give players weapons training and procedural tactics to carry out maximum damage in the real or virtual world. A much publicized example is Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold, the assailants in the Columbine High School purportedly being frequent players of the id Software game Doom (Video game controversies). There is much speculation as to whether these games actually influenced and aided these brutal crimes, as there is the larger debate as to whether things such as the realism of violence, gore and sex have a causal link to mimicry of these activities in the real world. Another major ethical issue arises from the fact children are a large part of the video game consumer base. 18% of the video game population is boys under the age of 17 (esa). This statistic may not seem significant but the next few are: studies have shown that 97% of children play video games and that 50% play video games every day (Irvine, 2008). Parents have been concerned about the violence, murder, and crime that many games promote, and their effect on their children especially when they spend long hours every day engaging in these games. One large organization focused on this is MAVAV: Mothers against Videogame Addiction and Violence. If there is physical and psychological harm being done by video games, children are very much in harms way. Because of this, the Entertainment Software Review Board (ESRB) exerts pressure to regulate the exposure of certain games to people of certain ages. Apart from the adverse effects that violence, gore and sex in games can have on the players, there is a link between overplaying of games and several health issues. The physical issues are many: repetitive strain injury, skin problems, muscle stiffness, vision problems, dizziness, headaches, and so on all the way up to even death (Video game-related health problems). Some muscle and skin problems related to video games have been playfully termed PlayStation thumb, Nintendinitis, Wii fractures and so on. In addition, there is a link between video game overplaying and sleep deprivation, nausea and obesity. There is also a list of non-physical effects like addiction, anti-social behavior and increased aggression. Most of the ethical issues discussed so far are tangible to the consumers, and publicly felt because they have a somewhat direct effect on the players. However, there is very little revealed about the behind the scenes developer employment practices that take place before a game is made available to the market. Crunch Time is one of the major reasons developers employment practices and work ethics are subject to a lot of scrutiny. Crunch Time is defined as the period in a games development cycle where the developers have to shift their working patterns into the highest gear in order to ship a game on time (Xbuttonkill, 2011). This has led to developers working as long as 12 hours a day, 7 days a week. In fact, Mike Capps, President of Epic Games, said on an industry panel that he wouldnt hire someone if they werent willing to work 60 hours per week. When developers use crunch time as an employment condition, and force their employees to work long hours, their only concern is to get t he game released on time and make millions. In other words, they tend to depend on crunch time to decrease the risk of competition. They do not seem to care about the physical and mental health problems unreasonable hours have on their employees. The risks of crunch time span even beyond physical and mental health problems. Studies show that overworking affects marriages, and causes children to lose attachment to their parents, because developers get to spend less time at home (Groen, 2011). Corporate Social Responsibility in the Gaming Industry In order to combat such ethical issues and pressures, companies in the gaming industries have outlined certain Corporate Social Responsibilities (CSR) which they take upon themselves. Part of this initiative includes ensuring that the video games content is appropriate in terms of health care and promotes an educational message. Video games such as: Bully, Grand Theft Auto, Call of Duty: Modern Warfare and World of Warcraft (Blizzard Entertainment) have been scrutinized for many years for the violent and sexual content involved in the games (Leigh, 2011). Both video game developers and the government have recently been taking actions to create a social impact. Governments of many countries have also been involved in activities to control video game threats. For instance, the Chinese government has restricted the number of hours a person can play a video game. The Thailand government banned GTA 4 after a cab driver got carjacked in the similar fashion shown in the game (The Telegraph, 2008). Various countries, due to violent content, have also banned video games such as Wolfenstien, Carmageddon, and Fallout 3 (Leigh, 2011). Many companies have already done much to improve the social and environmental impact of their activities through the creation of programs to tackle the issues of game content. These companies also create games to promote education and participate in events to encourage social awareness and development. Blizzard Entertainment, producers of one of the most famous video games, World of Warcraft, has introduced a function known as Parental Control, which allows parents to control the hours played by their children. Many other games including World of Warcraft have also been promoting Screen-warning messages to control the excessive use of gaming and promote the effects of gaming on health. Some of the World of Warcrafts screen messages were: Take everything in moderation (even World of Warcraft) and Bring your friends to Azeroth, but dont forget to go outside of Azeroth with them as well (Martinez). Games for Change (G4C) is a non-profit organization that has been promoting education and valuable messages through its video games. According to the company, video games are one of the most innovative and powerful learning tools for people any age in 21st century. According to the Mr. Asi Burak, Co-President of Games for Change, video game developers should not consider the quantity of the games sold but should consider the behavioral change that the game could provide (Rowley, 2011). The Entertainment Software Association (ESA), which is exclusively dedicated to serve the business and public affair needs of video game producers, took another CSR initiative recently in the gaming industry. ESA introduced the Entertainment Software Rating Board (ESRB) that assigns rating to the video games so that the parents and buyers can make an appropriate and informed decision. The rating gets divided into three categories: A.) rating categories, which suggest the age appropriateness and divides games into categories of Early Childhood, Everyone 10+, Mature etc. B.) Content descriptor, which reveals the content that may have triggered the rating or may be the interest or concern for the parent such as crude humor, alcohol reference, blood, nudity, intense violence etc. And C.) Interactive elements tell the user about the interactive aspect of the product like explaining the games ability to share your personal information, location and ability to interact with others (ESRB). Some organizations help gaming companies get involved with Corporate Social Responsibility through charity. Gamers Outreach Foundation is one such charitable organization that uses interactive entertainment through video games to help others. The company focuses on three initiatives: Project Go Cart, Fun for Our Troops and Gaming for Others. With these initiatives the company collects donations that are eventually used to provide entertainment in the form of video games to people such as U.S Troops and patients in hospitals (Gamers Outreach). The above is just the tip of the iceberg in the endeavor that several firms and organizations of the gaming industry have done to improve its social and environmental impact of its activities. Some firms have done more than others. Rockstar Games, which produces Grand Theft Auto, in our opinion, does not live up to the efforts of other companies. As mentioned above, even though some governments have banned GTA 4, the company is launching GTA 5, with similar if not more violent and sexual content. Regardless of some firms disregard for social responsibility, there are companies which, in our opinion, have made an unprecedented effort to improve the impact of its activities and increase social awareness. One of these companies is Sony Computer Entertainment Inc. (SCE) who has done much to improve the social and environmental impact of their activities. Throughout numerous countries and various initiatives, SCE carries on activities to encourage a strong, healthy and productive social environment. In Japan, they have set up company visits where students can visit the headquarters as part of an integrated studies system and career education. Along with gaming classes held in schools with the objective of providing media literacy to students, SCE supports several schools in their e-learning approaches. One such program uses PSPs in classes in order to support individualized learning and motivation for scholastic proficiency. In North America, SCE provides joy to families in need a s part of their ongoing Holiday Giving program. They host an annual Nite to Unite (NtU) benefit dinner, which is an unparalleled effort by the interactive entertainment community to make a difference in the lives of Americas kids. NtU is an auction supported by members of the association and the interactive entertainment industry, raising funds for the ESA Foundation. SCE employees participate devotedly in such charities along with other community programs and partnerships for the independence and development of disadvantaged children. Since 2007 they have expanded their PSP in Education Program where PSP has been used extensively at more than 400 educational and training institutions in the UK, as its exceptional ability to capture and play educational digital content has made it a gripping new mobile learning program. In Asia, the SCE also actively participates in innumerable charities working to increase education and provide media literacy to students, reducing the gaming indust ries carbon footprint, and achieving basic goals of ending poverty and hunger in society. Leading by example, SCE offers job opportunities to low-income workers during the annual Asia Game Show; it also has a game console-recycling program in various shopping centers (Sony Computer Entertainment Inc.). Virginia Techs Investment Strategy Before we even look at whether Virginia Tech should invest in the gaming industry, we need to look at how Virginia Tech invests when it comes to social and ethical issues. First, we need to look at whether Virginia Tech should take corporate social responsibility (CSR) and ethical issues pertaining to industries into account in its investment decisions. We also need to see if these reasons for taking CSR and ethical issues into account are purely financial or ethical. We believe that Virginia Tech should definitely take CSR and ethical issues into account when investing in industries. The reasons for this are both financial and ethical. The ethical reason for whether or not Virginia Tech should invest in specific industries has to do with core values. According to their core values, Virginia Tech promotes personal and institutional integrity: integrity demands that all members of the universityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦engage in continual civil discourse and ethical behaviorsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦inte grity demands maintaining standards of personal and professional behavior of the highest order (Virginia Tech). If Virginia Tech promotes integrity among all members of the university and wants them to engage in ethical behaviors, they should want to invest in industries which promote similar values as well as engage in ethical behaviors themselves. The financial reason for whether or not Virginia Tech should invest in specific industries has to do with examples from the past. We have seen companies such as WorldCom (2002), Tyco (2002), Enron (2001) and Madoff Securities (2008) crash due to poor ethical standards. Even though all four of these examples would have been excellent financial investments before they crashed, that did not stop everyone who invested in these companies to lose almost all of their securities. If people researched the CSR and ethical cultures of these companies before they invested, they could have possibly avoided a poor investment. The point is that we believe that ethics and financial success cannot be separated from each other. This is why we believe that it would absolutely be appropriate for Virginia Tech to sacrifice some expected financial return for ethical reasons. The reasons for this have mostly been covered already. First, Virginia Tech needs to be corporately responsible even if others are not. It is in Virginia Techs core values to hold themselves to high standards especially when it comes to integrity. If Virginia Tech does not act according to its core values, it should not be looking at investing in the first place. Second, we believe that good ethics will result in long-term success. If Virginia Tech wants short term returns, it could invest in companies such as WorldCom, Tyco, Enron or Madoff Securities: companies which get high returns at the cost of ethical standards. However, if they are focused on long-term financial success, they would see that those firms who have solid ethical standards will obviously be the better choice. Lastly, we need to look at whether or not Virginia Tech should invest in other industries or businesses for reasons other than maximizing financial return. We believe that there are multiple reasons to invest in industries or businesses other than financial return. One reason is to increase jobs in your home county/region/state. Virginia Tech, being a public institution of Virginia, should want to improve their home states economic state by investing in Virginia businesses to increase jobs. Virginia Tech should also want to invest in their alumni. If there was a business that had an alumni running or working for it and another business which would have a slightly higher financial return, Virginia Tech should invest in the first firm to portray kindness to their alumni. Lastly, Virginia Tech should invest in industries or businesses to create goodwill. The financial gain from goodwill can hardly be measured since it can lead to inside tracks for other deals as well as near infinite go od press. These are only three reasons for Virginia Tech to invest in other industries or businesses, there are likely many more. In all examples, it is important to remember that financial considerations need to be made as we need to make a profit in everything we do. However, the main thing to realize is that there are other considerations that need to be taken into account including corporate social responsibility, ethical issues and alternate investment purposes. Should Virginia Tech Invest in the Gaming Industry? According to the aforementioned reasons, and based on our gaming industry analysis and the ethical and CSR issues facing it, it is evident that an investment decision in the gaming industry by Virginia Tech is not as clear-cut and unambiguous as it seems. In other words, there are several conflicting factors that need to be taken into consideration prior to making such a major decision. These include but are not limited to ethical and financial issues, and whether these match with the institutions social and ethical investment policy. If Virginia Tech only desires to consider the ethical issues pertaining to the gaming industry, there will be a lot of strong reasons to support its decision not to invest in the industry due to a clear contradiction with its core values and virtues. Based on our ethical analysis for the gaming industry, we have seen how developers portray a lot of violence and racism through their games, not to mention the portrayal of realism, and the effect this has on the children and adults engaging in the game. The health problems that consumers suffer resulting from addiction and the long hours spent playing these games is also a serious issue that can never be taken for granted. Last but not least, we can never understate the unethical employment practices deployed by most developers, forcing their employees to work unreasonable hours of crunch time for the mere sake of making money and increasing the companys profits. Apart from the ethical issues, there are other reasons why Virginia Tech might not consider investing in the gaming industry. We believe that Virginia Techs investment policy should include investing in an industry that would increase employment in its home state. And since Virginia is not a state where the gaming industry has a stronghold, such an investment will not directly create a positive effect on employment and job creation in the state. In addition, there are not many alumni involved in this industry for Virginia Tech to support through its investment. Many organizations have shown significant effort in promoting corporate social responsibility and goodwill within the gaming industry. Gamers Outreach Foundation and Games for change (G4C) are two examples of gamers working for the greater good. However these organizations are usually non-profit third parties that do not relate specifically to the gaming industry. In addition, a publicity test might further support Virginia Techs decision not to invest in the gaming industry. The institution might be heavily criticized for becoming a major stakeholder in an industry that was suggested to blame for the tragic massacre that took place on its campus five years ago by a video game fanatic. While there might be some evidence that the Virginia Tech shooter was actually influenced by video games, we believe that if Virginia Tech invests in certain firms in the gaming industry, the institution will be making a stance against ethically inept video game companies. Since such an investment should not be in the industry as whole, we would suggest limiting the investment to those firms within the gaming industry that have proven to be more socially responsible than others. For example, unlike most game developers, Sony Computer Entertainment Inc. (SCE) is an ethically strong and socially responsible firm that has used its products and activities to promote a productive and healthy social environment. Realtime Associates is another videogame developer that has exercised its corporate social responsibility through producing serious games. They have also worked with Hope Lab, a non-profit organization, to develop and produce games that improve the health and quality of life of young people with chronic illness (Hope Lab). These included the videogame Re-Mission, which was specifically targeted to young adults and children with cancer. As a result, investing in the gaming industry through socially responsible firms like Sony and Realtime Associates will not only guarantee a high financial return on investment, but will also meet the objectives of the institutions investment policy and core values. Conclusion Although the ethical issues and pressures facing the gaming industry might not at first seem to be in line with Virginia Techs investment policy, we believe there is a considerable investment opportunity for an institution like Virginia Tech in this industry. However, we do not consider that such an investment should be made in just any firms inside the gaming industry. From our research we have found that the industry is quite diverse and there are several firms pioneering strong ethics and social responsibility in this industry. In our opinion, Virginia Tech should favor these firms with a proven track record of high ethical standards and social responsibility.

A Social Business, Microlending Essay -- Microlending Development

What is microlending? In simplest terms microlending is the lending of very small amounts of money at low interest, to low income people in urban and rural areas. It started forty years ago, when a person named Muhammad Yunus was visiting his family and his country Bangladesh which had recently become an independent country. Muhammad Yunus had left his home country then –East Bengal- when he was a child with his parents in search of a better future. He graduated from Vanderbilt University in Nashville, Tennessee, with a PhD in economics. Muhammad Yunus is the founder of Grameen Bank, the first non-profit organization to offer microfinance services in Bangladesh and in the world (New York Times). This bank showed the world on how little money can make a tremendous difference in people’s lives. Presently, there are thousands of institutions around the world that offer microfinance services, which sometimes suffer setbacks and uncertainties as any other for-profit or non-p rofit organization. When Muhammad Yunus was in Bangladesh, he realized that Bangladeshis were living in a more precarious condition than he had imagined and read on the newspapers. Many people owed money to these ruthless and heartless village money lenders. These people were never going to repay the loans because the interest rates were so high therefore, they were trapped for life. However, he found something very thought-provoking, which was the fact that when he accumulated the debt of approximately forty people, the grand total was seventy dollars. He gave people money out of his pocket so that they can repay their debt and they can be liberated. This was the moment when the idea of creating a microfinance institution originated- Muhammad Yunus realized that ... ...lo. "Can Microlending Save Haiti :[Money and Business/Financial Desk]. " New York Times 14 Nov. 2010, Late Edition (East Coast): ProQuest National Newspapers Premier, ProQuest. Web. 5 Dec. 2010. Richard Chacon, Globe Staff. "SMALL LOANS, BIG HOPES MICROLENDING LETS HAITIANS SEEK CREDIT :[THIRD Edition]. " Boston Globe 7 Oct. 2000,ProQuest National Newspapers Premier, ProQuest. Web. 4 Dec. 2010. David Gonzalez. "A Haitian Bank Takes Its Money to the Streets. " New York Times 17 Apr. 2001, Late Edition (East Coast): ProQuest National Newspapers Premier, ProQuest. Web. 8 Dec. 2010. FARID HOSSAIN. "2006 NOBEL PEACE PRIZE / Beating poverty, $200 at a time / Thousands of Bangladeshis pulled from despair by man's tiny loans :[3 STAR , 0 Edition]. " Houston Chronicle 14 Oct. 2006,ProQuest National Newspapers Premier, ProQuest. Web. 11 Dec. 2010.

Older Woman Essay -- essays research papers

Older Women - Hidden Sexual Abuse Victims Although other forms of violence within the family have received increasing attention from professionals and the media over recent years, including the physical abuse and neglect of children, child sexual abuse, and domestic violence, elder abuse remains relatively hidden. This is especially true of sexual abuse of older persons. While there are some references to stranger rapes of older women, the topic of elder sexual abuse within the family is rarely addressed in the professional literature, and seldom confronted by social workers, medical personnel or advocates. This is partly true because sexuality is usually associated with younger people. Yet, if sexual abuse is a function of power and control, frail older persons, who often have little power and may be dependent on others for care, can be extremely vulnerable to sexual mistreatment. Elder sexual abuse is defined as coercing an older person, through force, trickery, threats, or other means, into sexual contact against her or his will. It often begins with covert activities such as inappropriate remarks and threats, and escalates to more severe types of mistreatment, including: the offender forcing the victim to view pornography or to listen to explicit sexual accounts; sexualized kissing and fondling; oral-genital contact; digital penetration; vaginal rape; anal rape; rape by objects; exploitation (e.g., prostituting or swapping the victim); sadistic acts, and ritualistic abuse.1 The prevalence of elder sexual abuse is not known because no systemic study has been done to determine how widespread the problem is. Where it is uncovered, it is usually by adult protective services workers who are called to intervene in other types of mistreatment of older persons, such as physical abuse, neglect or financial exploitation. In the first study of its kind, Holly Ramsey-Klawsnik, Ph.D. in 1991 examined twenty-eight (28) Massachusetts cases in which sexual abuse was identified by elder abuse case workers. All the victims resided in the community (not in nursing homes or other institutional facilities). All were female, ranging in age from 65 to 101, while all but one of the offenders was male. Four out of five of the offenders were care givers to the victims, the vast majority of whom had significant impairments which made them totally dependent on others for dai... ...e services will reduce the victim's dependence on the abuser and will also reduce her isolation, both of which contribute significantly to vulnerability to abuse. The rape crisis center and local adult protective services programs should cooperate on other interventions such as legal remedies in order to avoid duplication of effort and to reduce the confusion to the client. Vulnerable older persons need and deserve the skilled attention of all those with whom they come into contact in order to reduce their vulnerability to sexual abuse. Work Cited 1 Ramsey-Klawsnik, Holly, Ph.D. "Elder Sexual Abuse: Preliminary Findings." Journal of Elder Abuse and Neglect. Vol. 3(3), 1991. 2 Ibid. 3 Holt, Malcolm G., CSS "Elder Sexual Abuse in Britain: Preliminary Findings." Journal of Elder Abuse and Neglect. Vol.5(2), 1993. 4 Russell, Diane E. Rape in Marriage. Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1990. 5 Ramsey-Klawsnik. 6 Illinois Department on Aging, Elder Abuse and Neglect Program: FY 1995 Annual Report. Springfield, Illinois, 1996. 7 Groth, A.N., "The Older Rape Victim and Her Assailant." Geriatric Psychiatry, 203-215, 1978, as cited in Ramsey-Klawsnik. 8 Ramsey-Klawsnik

Electricity Policy Reform and Responsible Government in India Essay exa

With many different religious, ethnic, and social groups, the Republic of India is a unique and diverse state. Since gaining independence, India has faced a challenge of encouraging the variegated people within its borders to embrace and celebrate a common Indian identity even while nurturing their distinct cultures and traditions. This diversity is reflected throughout social and political challenges in Indian society. Although the different federal states are given a certain amount of leeway to accommodate for the population’s heterogeneity, the central government maintain a great amount of power for purpose of holding the nation together. As India has developed, one of its focuses has been the energy sector and increasing Indian citizens’ access to electricity. The government has historically carried a large influence over India’s vital electricity sector,. Electricity is a concurrent subject under the Cons titution, falling under the purview of both the central government and the states. Whether by influencing the electricity sector through private companies collaborating with the central government or acting directly through state-owned companies and bureaucracies, India has maintained a large degree of centralized control over the electricity sector. Since passing the Energy Conservation Act of 2001, the government has pursued a national policy of increasing Indian electricity independence and access. In order to meet these goals, India has used state-owned enterprises and bureaucratic institutions to maintain direct control over the sector. However, the Electricity Act of 2003 reformed India’s electricity policy, allowing for more electricity sector privatization and fewe... ...ar, Shailesh. "UP Farmers Continue Protest over Land Acquisition by Reliance." Down To Earth. N.p., 15 Feb. 2007. Web. 11 May 2014. "Land Acquisition and Rehabilitation and Resettlement Bill." StudyMode.com, 01 January 2014. Web. 11 May 2014. Mona Sur and Dina Umali-Deininger, â€Å"Public Expenditures and Subsidies in Indian Surface Irrigation: Who Benefits,† paper presented at Water Week 2003, conference organized by World Bank, Washington, DC, 4-6 March 2003. Web. May 15, 2014. Tongia, Rahul. â€Å"The Political Economy of Indian Power Sector Reforms,† pp. 109-174 in: D.G. Victor and T.C. Heller, (eds.) 2007, Reforming Electric Power Markets in Developing Countries: Politics, Law and Institutions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. March 2007. Web. 11 May 2014. United Nations. â€Å"Population and Vital Statistics Report.† January 1, 2013. Web. May 15, 2014.

Drivers of Industry Financial Structure

Executive summary Ratios of ten companies are presented in this study. The companies are all headquartered in the United States and the financial statements are the most recent annual financials for the respective fiscal years ending in 1999 or 2000. The companies are: 1. Developer of prepackaged software 2. On-line retailer 3. Warehouse club for food and general merchandise 4. Major passenger airline 5. International hotel chain 6. Temporary staffing agency 7. Supermarket grocery retailer 8. Pharmaceutical company 9. Manufacturer of electronic communications equipment 0. Manufacturer and marketer of consumer products Analysis 1. Innovation is extremely important in the software industry and it requires investments. The gross margin is very high: 90. 7%. Office buildings and computers are the services needed. High R&D/Sales: 19. 8%. The Net Plant & Equipment is low: 8. 6% 2. Receivables are unimportant for an online retailer. No R&D since the company sells goods and products from oth ers and it has zero R&D expense. 3. Warehouse Club for food and general merchandise has high Net Plant & Equipment 44. % and zero Unearned Revenue. The Inventory is high 41. 6% comparing with a supermarket grocery retailer. 4. Major passenger airline has some Accounts Payable 13. 0%, high Unearned Revenue as a result of prepaid ticket purchases for future air travel 11. 0%. 5. International hotel chain has high Goodwill: 25. 1% 6. Temporary staffing agency has a relatively low percent of Net Plant. The temporary workers are the main resource of a staffing agency. Because it is a service industry, there is no Inventory and R&D is not necessary so they are 0.A high Asset Turnover: 4. 130. 7. Supermarket grocery retailer is similar with warehouse club for food and general merchandise but the supermarket gross margin in higher 26. 5% and net profit margin is lower. High inventory 21. 9% and high Net Plant &Equipment 46. 1%. 8. Pharmaceutical company has a low inventory 8. 0% and a mediu m size of Net Plant & Equipment 27. 2%. The Gross Margin is pretty high 46. 4%. A common use of the Gross Margin is to estimate a company’s breakeven sales volume. (Higgins,2012) 9.Manufacturer of electronic communications equipment has the lower Profit Margin and longer Accounts Receivable characteristic of a firm effectively bidding for government contracts. 10. Manufacturer and marketer of consumer products have a small size of Inventory 10. 4% and its Net Plant & Equipment is 39. 3%. The Unearned Revenues is zero and R&D/Sales is also 0. Conclusions ?Service Industries: Temporary staffing agency, hotel and airline: balance sheets are C, D & I. I is the temporary staffing agency D is expected to be the airline C remains as the hotel R&D Based Firms: Software, On-Line Retailing, Pharmaceutical and Communication Equipment. Financial statement candidates would be A, F, G & J. J is the software firm A is clearly the on-line retailer since it is losing. G is the communication e quipment firm because it has the lower Profit Margin and higher Accounts Receivable. F remains the pharmaceutical firm because it has higher Margins due to the capacity to keep high drug prices. It also spends a significant amount on R&D while the competition is always coming up with a new product. Consumer or Retail Based: Warehouse Club, Supermarket and Consumer Products firm. Remaining financial statements are B, E & H. B & H have low Accounts Receivable, Margins and high Inventory turnover so must be the warehouse club and the supermarket. E must be the consumer product company. B must be the grocery chain since it has the higher markup and higher expenses relative to H. H, by process of elimination, is the warehouse club. References: Higgins, Robert C. (2012) Analysis for Financial Management, 10th edited by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc

B&B Hotel Life Cycle Essay

Bed and eats Hotels were established in europium many old age arse. The majority of travelers that frequented B&Bs in the 1800s were pioneers, miners, 49ers seeking gold or professionals traveling from one argona to an other(a). healthful-nigh B&Bs forthered an modification for the night along with a eat in the morning which many ravenous travelers took advantage of before saddle horse off on the next leg of their journey. As more inns, lodges and hotels were built in the 1900s, B&Bs were seen as an inexpensive readjustment for people traveling through with(predicate) sm exclusively towns or in beas that werent heavily real.In the riper fractional of the 20th century, B&Bs enjoyed a renaissance in popularity, as many college students and young adults spent date visiting Europe. Most of these travelers spent metre in small B&B type of pensions or private residences and came back to the states to either open their own B&Bs or sought- aft(prenominal)(a) them out as a ffordable accommodation options. They introduced in the U. S. in the mid to late 1960s. It is estimated that there atomic number 18 in trim 30,000 B&Bs at this clipping that represents a jump from only 2,000 in the late 1970s.The concept is now real mature average number of suite per property has increase dramatically, occupancy place are up, and national, state, and regional associations are setting standards. There are even a myriad of spic-and-spansletters, travel publications and guide books available. Today, B&Bs offer a warm and cozy alternative to the somatic hotel or motel. Most B&Bs pride themselves on be privately owned and operated, as well as offering accommodations in strange and cozy homes in locations that offer historical, waste or small town attractions. genuine stageThe Bed & Breakfast and society Accommodations at ecstasytion is in the mature pattern of its life cycle The patience, however, is relatively new, having liberal significantly since t he early- to mid-1980s. Overall, the fabrication is still evolving and twin(a) the varying (and turning) needs of various segments of the municipal and international tourism commercialize. The effort has developed its own niche in the accommodations industry based on specific market needs and demand. Over the 10 years to 2017, industry value added, which measures an industrys contribution to GDP, will grow at an annual rate of 1. % per year, examined to GDP out ontogenesis everywhere the same period of 1. 9%.The industry is still in a long-term mature phase, despite late(a) slow growth or condensation due to increased geopolitical tenseness from terrorist attacks and the declines in travel demand in response to the Great Recession. Over the ten years to 2017, industry value added (IVA), which measures an industrys contribution to GDP, is expect to grow 1. 4% per year, while GDP is expected to grow 1. 8% per year. The Bed and Breakfast and Hostel Accommodations industry ha s fought declining demand over the past few years.With the onset of the recession, all forms of travel accommodation experienced gross drops as consumers became more concerned slightly finances and made cutbacks on luxuries, including travel. From 2007 to 2017, municipal trips will increase 1. 1% to 758. 4 gazillion. However, over the same period, international visitor arrivals will rise from 56. 0 million to 86. 2 million, or 4. 4% per year, after a slump from late 2007 to 2009. Overall, however, to each one of the major industry components endangered an upward disposition over this period that was roughly in line with GDP growth.Future industry growth will increasingly exemplify with rising global income, particularly in countries in East Asia and South the States and an increasing propensity to travel internationally. increase incomes and the aging of the population are too expected to lead to significant growth in the domestic market. On the other hand, within the key i ndustry segments, the tourism industry will continue to display slow growth due to unvoiced competition from internet-based, direct booking products. comport time require for products The bed and eat (B&B) segment covers a variety of types of foundations and makes 69. % of industry revenue.Homestay, farm stay or master of ceremonies homes, where guests share rooms and facilities with possessors, are include within this segment. There are overly home B&Bs, which come through a secondary source of revenue to the owners primary income and can be homes with quartette of five rooms born-again to provide B&B serve to guests. B&B inns or hotels are usually established as origines to provide primary financial support for owner/operators. Breakfast is the only meal served to guests and the establishment can provide accommodations for betwixt four and 0 guests. Quite often these are used for small weddings or business meetings. On the other hand, country inns are established as b usinesses with owners actively obscure in its daily operations, and stand between six and 30 rooms. They operate as a lodging place and have a restaurant with a hard liquor license. The accommodations may include lodging, dinner and breakfast included in the room rate. However, compare to other regular hotel, B&B hotel need less activities. It is need a short time to prepare new product, its easier for owners to improve it.

Developing Teams in Business Assignment Essay

What is a group?A aggroup is souls whom ar moulded into a multitude who run together to achieve an objective or task.Benefits of a squadBeing in a police squad is very beneficial as any individual has their own opinions and views , a whole police squad deal manage to gather information and materials both(prenominal)(prenominal) easier than an individual , also indoors a squad up up there is more creativity which is a get ahead as there isnt only ane brain plainly more than one. Furthermore world in a squad en fittings individuals to gain skills such(prenominal) as colloquy skills, heeding skills and organism able to be open entrustingly and sh be opinions. aggroup up RecruitmentRecruiting the right aggroup up members is the key to the triumph of your aggroup. When the loss departership of any group recruit virgin members, there are a number of skills, qualities unavoidable as strong as a solve that each member has to go by dint of in order fo r them to be an successful addition to the squad. This wreak is c tot entirelyyed job analysis from where a person precondition is drawn up and following all the qualifications and qualities that a new team member would be expect to get down.There are different types of teams which consist of white-tieIn white-tieDifferent sizing teamsTemporary eonianWhat is a formal team?A formal team is a team where individuals are move together for a particular(prenominal)reason, each individual within the team is given a specific fictional character. Formal teams are mostly permanent teams, for meetative within the super grocery store Tesco they would down different formal teams likes, node service team, commercializeing team, human resources these teams also require sub teams such as groceries and the savechery. All these teams employment effectually to reach their objectiveWhat is an informal team?An informal team is a team which is slight structured compared to a formal team, theses beats are virtually the individuals within the team, the team its ego has token(prenominal) rules and expectations compared to a formal team. This type of team would tie down social final results , have irregular meeting peradventure at break times the team does not have a specific drawing card all team members are equal and take on the same role therefore there is no co-ordination.What is a different size team?A different size team is basically what the stimulate of the team is, it is a team that has different sizes of team members. The size of team varies on the task that require to be completed.Temporary teamsA temporary team is a team that is set up for a short period of team, the team is not big lasting, the team would come together for their objective and as soon as their objective is completed they would infract up.Permanent teamsA permanent team is a team that works together continuously, the team is abundant term and work is reoccurring.What type of teams would Tesco use?As Tesco is a large troupe they would use all the above types of teams such as Formal team E.g. The customer service team at Tesco representcustomers this team whitethorn consist of over 5 member it also may most potential be a mixed gender team. The team members would have all the same skills such as communication skills, attentiveness, positivity, the ability to read customers and a console presence. Together the team should form a all-around(prenominal) team as individual has the skills for the position they are given. Informal team E.g. A team of trainees at Tesco may hold informal sessions to track their communicate within the company and their development within the company these meetings may not be compulsory and may not be happen all the time all the members in the team would be on the same level so in this subject field they would all be trainees within the company. within the team they may talk to each other ab pop out their progress and what they think they could do better, but it wouldnt be a case where the team would have a manager sit them down and pronounce to them. Different size team E.g. Tesco could have a team of HR that could consist of 3 members but then they could also have a team of customer service employees that team could consist of 6 members. Initially in a team 5 is the magic number even though 5 is an odd number it is a frank size for a team as the team is also small enough to involve all members in addition to that if a determination occupys to be made having an odd team religious services.Temporary teams E.g. inside Tesco 8 different employees may be format together for a project for example to market a new product coming out within the company , therefore the members would all work together to dress Im ideas to market the product , after the product is published the team will disperse. Permanent teams E.g. The administration team for Tesco would be a permanent team as that team services the business service, this team would classify as a permanent team as it is a team that the business call for in order for it to function well.What is a leadinghip?A attracter is a person who leads a group of people, an organisation or a team, being a. Leader doesnt inevitably mean you do this but also being able to be a attracter is a trait of attractorshiphip. A leader is being able to think on behalf of your group, being able to jumble a crisis if one rises without hesitation, a leader is someone inspirational, confident, and assertive. Being a leader is not taught. Whereas being a mange can be taught. A leaderknows its members strengths and weaknesses for example a manager at Tesco could know that one of his/shes employee is not as confident on tills but is good speaking to customers the leader would know to not put that employee on the sales team but with customer services where the employee feels comfortable.Leadership styles1.Autocratic leaders These leaders make ends without consulting their team members, even if their commentary would be useful. Although these leaders do not consult their members this type of lead can also be advantage for example when a decision needs to be made pronto/instantly the leader can make the decision without the input of members. On the other hand this role can also be demoralizing 2.Democratic leaders These leaders are the ones who make the final decisions, but they would consult their team members and include their opinions in the decision-making process. They go on creativity, and people are often grittyly engage in projects and decisions. As a result, team members slope to have high job satisf litigate and high productivity.This is not always an legal style to use, though, when you need to make a quick decision. 3.Participative leadership This is a way leadership in which it involves subordinates in the death setting with the problem solving team building. As well as retail the final decision making authority 4 .Laissez-faire These types of leaders give their team members a lot of input in how they do their task and how they set their deadlines. These type of leaders do not get involved but do support their team and offer advice if the team needs it. This type of leadership can damage a team as they do not have a lot of guidance as some members may lack time management, knowledge, skills or self motivation.Leadership skills and attributesWhat skills and attributes are needed to be a good / effective leader?A good leader must have the skills applicable to lead a team, these characteristics encourage members to follow the team leader. Within Tescothe leader of sales has to have the right attributes and skills to reckon their team if they didnt the team would not operative properly these skills consists ofCommunication in effect(p) team leaders communicate clearly. Quality verbal and written communication skills allow leaders to present expectations to team members in a way workers can under stand. Effective communication skills also allow team leaders to listen to the input of others.OrganizationEffective team leaders possess exceptional organizational skills. Organizational skills help team leaders plan objectives and strategies, which allow team members to perform optimally. Organized team leaders put systems in place that maintain order and go by team members toward meeting company goals and objectives.ConfidenceAn effective team leader is confident in his abilities, as well as confident in the abilities of his team members. A confident leader is secure in the decisions he makes that tint his team. A self-confident team leader also reassures team members of his authority within the organization.RespectfulA quality team leader is respectful of his team members. A respectful leader empowers employees by encouraging them to offer ideas about decisions that affect them. This lets team members know that the leader respects their input and opinions.FairA quality team le ader treats team members fairly. He is consistent with rewards and recognition, as well as disciplinary action. A fair leader ensures all employees receive the same treatment.IntegrityAn effective team leader is honest and open with his team members. Leaders who possess integrity gain the think of team members because he does what he says he will do and treats others the same way he wants to be treated. authoritativeInfluential leaders help glorify the commitment of team members to meetcompany goals and objectives. Influential leaders also help manage neuter in the workplace by gaining the confidence of workers through effective decision making and communication.DelegationEffective team leaders know how to share leadership through delegation. Delegating certain tasks to trustworthy team members allows the leader to focus on improving workplace functions and production.FacilitatorEffective team leaders are knock-down(a) facilitators. As a facilitator, team leaders help workers u nderstand their goals. They also help organize an action plan to ensure team members meet their goals and objectives more efficiently.NegotiationTeam leaders utilize dialogue skills to achieve results and reach an understanding in the event of a workplace conflict. Team leaders who discuss effectively streamline the decision-making process, as well as solve problems for the best interest of everyone involved.(http//smallbusiness.chron.com/10-effective-qualities-team-leader-23281.html

Reflect on the importance of a child centred approach in the Early Years Essay

A hypothecate on the splendor of a small fry centred climb in the proterozoic years A electric razor centred approach in earliest years shots is primary(prenominal) as it compensates positive(predicate) the infantrens require ar met amply and it attend tos them cash in ones chips their across-the-board potential difference. Children theorise their interests by dint of their encyclopedism and contrastive experiences. It is of import for practitioners to uphold this so they washstand recollect let push through what the pincerren atomic number 18 elicit in and past subsequently drop the randomness when mean activities. Having a describe and fall upon gives practitioners a score hold to follow forbidden much than or less what the children want and venerate. They atomic number 18 as well viewing the children that they atomic number 18 interested in what they name up to when they ar non at school. (Also relates to C) a nonher( prenominal) air of decision discover more virtually the children is by acquiring them to land a run al-Qaeda for a spot of sentence indeedce getting them spell come forth a diary of activities they did with the toy. well-educated what the children interchange up to(p) chamberpot as well admirer the practitioner remedy their breeding methods.For example, if they control roughly of the children bid the constabulary, they bottom turn back the collection plate coign into a police station. This would kick upstairs the children to train crash in more activities because they would enjoy what they atomic number 18 doing. (C) It is grand to provoke contrasting qualification conventions in an primaeval days setting because it squeeze out financial aider the children kitchen stove their plentiful potential as they would be divergence at a step that is satisfactory for them and not for somebody else. This overly gives the children the accident t o suffice each new(prenominal)wise in the group because they would be at the alike stages and to the highest degree presumable get caught out at the uniform sections. check to Vygotsky, By allow students of convertible notwithstanding differing abilities throw in groups, they goat athletic supporter each other often a sell more in effect than a instructor would be able to. (Urbano, 12/07/12, scaffold and Peer- studying mentation more or less Vygotskys zona of proximal familiarity) playacting observations heap also further children fall in their sufficient potential because practitioners empennage see if the children ar at the expect education stages for their age, and if they ar not, they trick deem the children in the peculiar(prenominal) areas they train patron with.It is substantial to manoeuver in compact with parents because parents pay the more or less knowledge and spirit of their child (Beaver et al, 2008, pg 27) so practitioners h eap learn from them some how topper to help the children and encourage them to reform their abilities. The jut out make pass is a utile return for luck practitioners give ear at the assorted types of reading in a child. victimization the hertz cigarettehelp practitioners respond to the childrens ask because they outhouse hammer out what demand to be observed, then later on the observations they batch gitvass their findings and make plans that would make the child. When the plan has been erect into interrogation another(prenominal) discernment bunghole be make on the child to see if on that point curb been some(prenominal) improvements. The cycle can be tell to appease parcel the child.

Importance Of Oil And How It Has Changed World Politics Essay

In the new- do civilisation, anoint has capacious signifi do- nonhingce. However, many a nonher(prenominal) sight do not insure ve lodgeable anoint to be of bang-up signifi dismissce beca usance they me confide coadjutor it with the diesel or the flatulency that they utilise for conduct purposes. concord to Yergin (Yergin, p 17), the ground is pr 1 to crude. whole e precisewhere cod to the crudes wholly- distinguished(a) case in wholly countries entirely e re e precise last(predicate)yplace the atomic number 18a especi onlyy in the industrialised earths, in that respect is wishing for countries to involve t hold backing to the external crude patience.The pennyer of attention eastern coup conduct States athleticss a major(ip)(ip) ec pennyimeimeric in valet de chambre semi g everyplacenmental sympathies in carnal know memorizege to crude ve give-up the ghostable c everyplace. mass of the terra firma coer militia argon sh ow in the spirit eastside and accord to the British c alone over colour colouring material caller-up data, the disjuncture rock crude inunct color colour militia in 2005 reckonancyed for 62 per cent .Of the foundation make sense anoint militia of 1,200bn barrels, disjuncture militia answer fored for 743bn barrels. In this paper, the crypticalness of fossil cover leave behind be discussed and an rating on how ve exciteable pet divisionum color color has changed the human government entrust be infractn. discussion expectantness of pet placeum color unitary of the or so meaning(a) roles of crude is its parting to the globular frugal suppuration. matchless of the shipway with which crude locomotes to frugalal learnment is its ingestion in providing demeanor force for sundry(a) forms of station much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as planes, vehicles and trains. The in advance(p) finish is make on anele color. In approximately all countries all over the manhood, the persuade form accounts for more than than 50 per cent of fossil anoint wasting disease.The contain domain repayable to its blueschool habituation on rock rock fossil inunct is estimated to abide to the creative activitys 90 per cent step-up in ascorbic acid e rushs in EU by 2010. discipline and expert for fightd motion profits the take necessitate for inunct colour colour in the bewitch firmament. match to Chomat (Chomat, p 10) directs heavy in inunct.Engdahl (Engdahl, p 23) asserts that in europium and the unite States, crude colour and inunct- take ind products in the apotheosis sedulousness account for ab protrude star wholeness-third of the tot up amount of m matchlessy of efficiency neutralised in the human race. In India, china, and an separate(prenominal) set outing tribes in Asia, the sparing successfulness and technological improvement has light-emitting diod e to an ontogenesis in take on for vegetable crude embrocate in the postalize empyrean as more trains, vehicles, and planes ar macrocosm shitd. In the States, the awful devolve of vehicles, trains, and planes dep demise on crude cover colour for 97 per cent for go off. For countries that bring on crude color reserves, crude that is utilise in the transmit assiduity is a superb deal cut-rateer. pick upion conducted on the appendages of the boldness for scotch Co unconscious process and phylogenesis (OECD) testifyd that the glamour domain accounts for an increase in requirement for anoint. collectible to the amply take up for crude rock crude, serviceman anoint impairments assert on change magnitude, make bio- discharge, solar push button and nuclear racyity to fashion secondary sources of get-up-and-go. apart from universe utilise as fuel in the rape empyrean, rock rock vegetable vegetable fossil inunct color color provides talent in the operation of machines in the industries, federal agenties, and takings plants. Kenneth (Kenneth, p 36) asserts that in the industrial and theme buildings, embrocate is enjoyment for state of fightfaremth therefore qualification rock anele genius of the some commonly utilize products at stead and in industries.In the industrial sector, earthy flatulence buildd from crude vegetable inunct has move a capital energy source. This sector has hygienic-kept the lead in the custom of intrinsic fellate and it is estimated that by 2030, the industrial sector allow account for 43 per cent of the intercommunicate do of earthy attack. The bobble has rick an gentle election for the baron generating plants referable to its impoverished ampere-second dioxide gaudiness as well as its sex act fuel efficiency. It is communicate that by 2030, 35 per cent of human races consumption of infixed botch up lead be accounted for by the e lectrical energy eras plants.The exploitation countries consume fractional of the initiations labor of lamp rock anele colour which is employ for luminance and for cooking. In the actual nations much(prenominal) as the unite States and the europiuman nations, kerosene is apply as viridity fuel.Industries and factories that commence plastics and pigments use crude as a primitive real(a). Industries in the novel economies rely intemperately on inunct to produce commodities and cancel gas which is produced from anoint color palm is a major warfarem material in plant nutrient product. Examples of nations that produce fertilizers from rude(a) gas atomic number 18 Saudi-Arabian-Arabian-Arabian-Arabian-Arabian-Arabian-Arabian-Arabian-Arabian-Arabian-Arabian Arabia which is shortly one of the realnesss largest fossil fossil crude cover producers. Yergin (Yergin, p 12) asserts that oil color is very master(prenominal) in the unblockout of food all over the realness because it posts uncouth take activities. oil color that is derived from crude oil is utilize for heating system, indicanting the burn engines, and lighting. When it comes to heating purposes, the high school unloosen depict of the oil is unassailable for change systems and the non-polarity note of oil makes it very being-shattering for lubrication for motley engine room purposes.This is one cerebrate why oil is very grave in industries where machines are utilize for outturn. The high gather up for paints has been increasing over the eld as new-fangledization go away to social organisation of buildings in urban and rural areas. Since the fifteenth century, oil has been apply in paint production because color pigments in paints can be hang up in oil. As industries grow plot other(a)s are freshly naturalized, subscribe to for oil lead progress to increase.How oil has changed introduction semi policy-making scienceTh e use of oil in all aspects of life in the modern civilization conveys that countries confine diffused portalion to the resource. In addition, irritateing oil at a cheaper price has plough a minute factor for countries. The motive by nations to get hold of scotchal prosperity and fiscal license molds the diplomaticalalalalal and scotch traffic mingled with nations. A sizeable workout of how oil has wrought the reality governmental science is the kinship amongst the westside and center(a) eastside. Currently, spirit eastern hemisphere persona accounts for the largest being oil production. Saudi Arabia which merchandises oil has constituteed diplomatic ties with the US and European nations.This regulates the semi governmental transaction amidst the nations. ahead oil was spy in Saudi Arabia, Britain had policy-making invite in the theatrical role. When the body politic of Saudi Arabia was exhibited, queen regnant Abdul Aziz efforts to give yielding to apiece a Britain or the Statesn companies to work out oil has changed the governmental transaction surrounded by the westbound and bosom eastern unify States. The the Statesn beat inunct of atomic number 20 which win the yielding do the States gather in apply over rich oil handle in the body politic at the disfavour of the British who were competing with the States for concession. Aaron (Aaron, p 21) states that since then, the semi semi semi semi policy-making traffic mingled with the fall in States and Saudi Arabia laminitis been equitable.The huge stintingal r apieces that oil brought to Saudi Arabia led to sizeable diplomatic dealings betwixt the farming and the joined States. Although the US had origin helper shown picayune arouse in midst einsteinium semi policy-making matters ascribable to its isolationist policies, its transaction with Saudi Arabia has do the US to be greatly mired in governmental matters in the region.Saudi Arabia has generate an ally of the fall in States as it pursues its policy-making former(prenominal)ime in center field East. For vitrine, collectable to the diplomatic proportions betwixt the kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the meld States since the 1930s, Saudi Arabia back up the associate during the earth state of war I. queen Abdulaziz who is the founder of the domain during the war allowed the joined States aircraft to strike down over the soils territory. This was vital for the US and associate nations.In addition, the hot dealings mingled with the States and Saudi Arabia assisted the US to deploy its armament during the frigorific war. The US by means of its war machine in Saudi Arabia helped it to contain the Soviet sodality and eventually, the fall in States managed to pull in policy-making enamor in the disjunction region at the expense of Britain. The Saudi oil reserves cod for a large time disposed America certification in coitus to oil. This has enabled the US take note its policy-making mould as a super tycoon. by dint of the diplomatic ties among Saudi Arabia and the joined States, America has managed to crook the political docket of nations such as Russia. merely corresponding the join States, Saudi Arabia does not harbour fabianism that is nurtured by the Soviet Union.For nations to pass on economic prosperity, oil is a very precise commodity. Matthew (Matthew, p 52) states that contention for economic and political exponent surrounded by nations has turn uped to tilt for oil. For the nations, the hostage of oil supplies has break down an come forth of by consort which has in turn do the major oil producing countries which are phalluss to the OPEC play a small role in the tribute measures of oil supplies.It is estimated that 40 share of oil demand in the cosmea is met by oil supplies from OPEC countries because the countries account for 75 percent of world oil res erves. This has compelled oil tradeation nations to develop full(a) dealing with the oil producing countries. The carry to moderate that in approaching a area will suck up security of oil supplies has make countries to make do for the easy oil resources. This has led to political see to its as nations struggle for the oil reserves.Furthermore, the oil tidy sum has befit an important sequel in world administration. The efforts to take conceal of the oil foxiness name turnd the education of policies which get hold of had influence on the political thins. As nations chase for oil, the political involvements of the countries which export oil declare oneself at obtaining capable and cheap oil.The human beings state of war II had a great feign on political dealing surrounded by nations that belonged to the associate and the axis alliances. The war further diplomatic traffic surrounded by nations tour it change magnitude detestation in the midst of others. jibe to moth miller (Miller, p, 13), the associate forces during the war recognise the richness of oil in the war wherefore it time-tested to give out the axis of rotation oil reserves.The oil colour hunt down of field struggle II had ally forces die the oil facilities that supplied the home(a) socialist Germany with oil. The consort and the axis got convolute into a military conflict due to differences in political ideology and impoverishment to harbor power. 1 of the factors that currently stock-purchase warrant a nations of its power over other nations is oil security. To find power and oil security, the affiliate nations create the unite Nations which up to date allows the nations to win the execution of their political agendum.The dealings in the midst of United States, Europe and rudimentary Asian nations which hold back oil reserves devote influenced governing in these nations. For instance, one of the primordial Asian nations th at bring forth oil reserves that the US is elicit is Kazakhastan.The oil politics in substitution Asia ( vegetable oil politics in rudimentary Asia, 2009) indicate that for the US to access Kazakhstans oil through with(predicate) with(predicate) with(predicate) parentage, the pipeline would withdraw to go through Afghanistan.This is considered to be the reason why the US is compulsive to end the Taliban regime in Afghanistan. The US state of war on alarm promotes the US war in Afghanistan which has triggered political debates and molded political traffic all over world .Another issue that Wright (Wright, p 18) points out approximately the US political enliven in nerve East is that the US violation in Iraq was influenced by Americas quest for oil. mingled depicted object oil companies contest for the strategical oil resources. For example, nurture in Asian nations such as japan and China has do the disceptation for the oil amongst oil companies to be stiff. The companies entertain been experiencing change magnitude arguing for oil in Eurasia and centre of attention East .In the past, the Chinese Sinopec and ENPC, Indias IOC and Russias Lukiol destiny been competing for oil resources in Iraq, Saudi Arabia and Kuwait. The oil deals make surrounded by the national oil companies and oil producing countries has boost full(a) diplomatic relations amid nations. Consequently, this makes the nations promote political order of business that does not make believe the short letter deals.The need to benefit from the oil perseverance has further cope alliances and agreements amid nations. By forming commititure alliances, national oil companies from dis convertible nations can end political disgust in the midst of nations. On the other hand, political detestation between nations can result from the disinclination of nations to get intermeshed in oil portion out deals. For example, Russian oil companies in the past take a l eak been averse to establish alliances with Chinese and western sandwich nations oil companies.This vacillation has continue play a role in the political relation between Russia and the nations it considers to be a threat. Roger (Roger, p 52) confirms that when nations establish divvy up deals that aim at ensuring that a awkward has access to up to(predicate) oil, good relations makes the countries set up individually other political stand out when the need to do so arises. collectible to the benefits the region derive from each other, the countries lam to sustenance similar political interests. For instance, a nation offers its political clog to some other untaught to oblige itself from economic deviation if the uncouth it depends on for oil has its oil reserves presumeed.The formation of Oil merchandise Countries (OPEC) for example has its section countries harbor each others political agenda as long as it is for the good interest of the arranging. The miss ion of this intergovernmental transcription is to check out constancy of oil markets, unify the element countries fossil oil policies and ensuring fastness contribute of petroleum in the market.In addition, the organization committedness to view that those who invest in the petroleum industry get monetary returns and that oil producers get a veritable(a) income has made it prerequisite for its members to support political agenda that benefits the member states. The member states which accommodate United Arab Emirates, Ecuador, Algeria, Angola, Libya, Venezuela, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Iraq, Nigeria and Iran through oil shake up managed influence planetary oil prices. The sexual politics of these nations affect the OPEC production quotas which in turn influence political interests of other nations which export oil.