Platelet Count Of Children With Dengue Fever Biology Essay

Platelet Count Of Children With Dengue Fever Biology Essay INTRODUCTION Dengue is a mosquito-borne infection that in recent decades has become a major international public health concern. Dengue is found in tropical and sub-tropical regions around the world, predominantly in urban and semi-urban areas. Dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF), a potentially lethal complication, was first recognized in the 1950s during dengue epidemics in the Philippines and Thailand. Today DHF affects most Asian countries and has become a leading cause of hospitalization and death among children in the region. There are four distinct, but closely related, viruses that cause dengue. Recovery from infection by one provides lifelong immunity against that virus but confers only partial and transient protection against subsequent infection by the other three viruses. There is good evidence that sequential infection increases the risk of developing DHF. The incidence of dengue has grown dramatically around the world in recent decades. Some 2.5 billion people two fifths of the worlds population are now at risk from dengue. WHO currently estimates there may be 50 million dengue infections worldwide every year. The disease is now endemic in more than 100 countries in Africa, the Americas, the Eastern Mediterranean, South-east Asia and the Western Pacific. South-east Asia and the Western Pacific are the most seriously affected. Before 1970 only nine countries had experienced DHF epidemics, a number that had increased more than four-fold by 1995. Not only is the number of cases increasing as the disease is spreading to new areas, but explosive outbreaks are occurring. According to government figures 15,061 cases of the disease in the Philippines were reported in the first six months of the year. The increase in the number of dengue cases may be attributed to the constantly changing climate brought by global warming as well as congestion in urban areas. The biggest increase in the country was seen in Metro Manila, where there was an almost 200 percent increase. According to the Department of Health, Southern Mindanao, there is an expected increase in dengue cases in the region because of the onset of the rainy season. About six-percent increase in dengue cases was recorded during the first quarter of the year compared to the same period last year. Davao City still has the highest dengue incidence, with 371 cases recorded in the first quarter. During the same period last year, there were 352 cases recorded in the city. The durian is the fruit of several tree species belonging to the genus Durio and the Malvaceae family. Widely known and revered in Southeast Asia as the king of fruits, the durian is distinctive for its large size, unique odour, and formidable thorn-covered husk. The fruit can grow as large as 30  centimetres (12  in) long and 15  centimetres (6  in) in diameter, and it typically weighs one to three  kilograms (2 to 7  lb). Its shape ranges from oblong to round, the colour of its husk green to brown, and its flesh pale yellow to red, depending on the species. There are 30 recognised Durio species, at least nine of which produce edible fruit. Durio zibethinus is the only species available in the international market; other species are sold in their local region. Studies have shown different uses of durian such as: A.Lipid Lowering Effect: Lipid entrapment property of polysaccharide gel (PG) extracted from fruit-hulls of durian (Durio zibethinus Murr. Cv. Mon-Thong). Results suggest that PG from fruit-hulls of durian may be a potential dietary fiber/ medicinal supplement for a blood lipid / cholesterol lowering effect. B.Hyperthermic Effect / Paracetamol Interaction: Believed to have body-warming properties with concerns on consumption with paracetamol. Rat study showed no significant body temperature elevation. Rats receiving a durian-paracetamol combination showed a significant drop in body temperature. No mechanism for toxicity was identified. C.Antibacterial / Wound Healing Effect: (1) Polysaccharide gel extracted from fruit-hulls of durian seems to have a beneficial effect on wound healing in a pig study.(2) Bactericidal effect of polysaccharide gel was clearly demonstrated against S. aureus and E. coli. Study showed accelerated wound he aling. D.Phenolic Content / Antioxidant Effect: Study showed the durian cultivars high bioactivity and total polyphenols were the main contributors to the overall antioxidant capacity and provides a source of nutritional supplement. Today, Dengue Fever and Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever affect most Asian countries and has become a leading cause of hospitalization in children (about 500,00 cases each year) and death. Until now, there is no specific treatment on dengue fever. Due to this, a significant number of families of patients use different alternative medicines which do not have evidence for cure in the hope of increasing the platelet count of the patient. One of these is the use of D. zibethinus Murr, but its efficacy is still unkown thus the purpose of the study. DEFINITION OF TERMS Dengue Fever a benign syndrome caused by several arthropod-borne viruses, is characterized by biphasic fever, myalgia or arthralgia, rash, leukopenia, and lymphadenopathy Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever a severe, often fatal, febrile disease caused by dengue viruses. It is characterized by capillary permeability, abnormalities of hemostasis, and, in severe cases, a protein-losing shock syndrome (dengue shock syndrome) Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever Grade I presence of fever, non-specific constitutional symptoms, such as anorexia, vomiting, abdominal pain; and positive tourniquet test Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever Grade II symptoms and signs of Grade I plus spontaneous bleeding: mucocutaneous, gastrointestinal Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever Grade III symptoms and signs of Grade II with more severe bleeding plus evidences of circulatory failure: violaceous, cold, clammy skin, restlessness, weak to compressible pulses, narrowing of pulse pressure to 20mmHg or less, or hypotension Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever Grade IV or Dengue Shock Syndrome symptoms and signs of Grade III but shock is usually refractory or irreversible and associated with massive bleeding OBJECTIVES General Objective: This study aims to determine the effect of Durio zibethinus Murr (durian) on the platelet count of pediatric patients with Dengue Fever and Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever Grades I and II. Specific Objectives: To identify the specific component of durian that is capable of increasing the platelet count of dengue patients. To determine the mechanism of action of the active component of durian. To identify significant relationship between the increase of platelet count and intake of durian. METHODOLOGY Study Design Randomized controlled, double-blinded study Study Setting Private Tertiary Hospital Study Subjects Inclusion Criteria Children ages 6 months old to 18 years old diagnosed with dengue fever and dengue hemorrhagic fever grades I and II. Parents/guardians of the subjects who signed the informed consent. Exclusion Criteria Children ages 6 months old to 18 years old diagnosed with dengue hemorrhagic fever III and dengue shock syndrome. Dengue patients who had undergone blood transfusion. Dengue patients who do not eat durian or unable to tolerate the smell of durian. Respondents who developed untoward gastrointestinal side effects during the course of the study, such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and dyspepsia. Parents/guardians who did not sign the informed consent. Description of Interventions Patients included in the study will be started with intravenous fluids using Isotonic solutions (D5 LR, D5 NSS/D5 0.9% NaCl) at 3 5 cc/kgBW/hr. Patients were then randomly selected to receive durian decoction (experimental group) and evaporated milk (control group). Decoction will be given three times a day from day of diagnosis to day2 afebrile. Outcome measures Patients data were collected and recorded. Serial platelet monitoring was done every 6 hours, others were every 8 hours and some on a once a day basis during their hospital stay. Patients are also monitored for possible side effects. Data Collection An informed consent has been signed by parents or guardians of the subjects who were included in the study. Socio demographic data were noted (e.g. age and sex). Clinical data as well as the initial laboratory results were noted. Individuals are randomly selected into two groups, one with the Durian decoction, and the other with evaporated milk. Patients diagnosed with Dengue fever, Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever Grades I and II will be selected and observed for the duration of hospital stay. The initial and succeeding platelet count were noted during the introduction of the decoction. Once a day platelet monitoring of all subjects is enough to collect data, provided that it is all taken at the same time. The side effects related to the intake of decoction were all be noted. Preparation of Decoction: Scrapings of durian fruit will be obtained thus removing the fruits seed. __gram of scrapings will be obtained, diluted with __ml of water. __ml of sugar is added to taste. All ingredients is placed in a blender and mixed well to obtain a syrup solution. Administration of the decoction: The decoction will be given to patients with platelet count Dosage: 3mg/kg/day

P Emergency Bail Out

â€Å"We in America today are nearer to the final triumph over poverty than ever before in the history of any land† was Herbert Hoover’s message to voters in the US Presidential race of 1928. However, once elected into office, within months, he came to terms with his own short sightedness as the world plunged into a downward economic spiral, unparallel in history . . . at least until now.The sub prime mortgage crisis and the ensuing credit crunch is by all means a haunting reminder of Black Tuesday, when on October 29, 1929, the NYSE crashed as a result of panic selling and led to the Great Depression.Without dwelling much on history, it can be concluded that the NYSE crash of 1929 and the Housing market crash of 2007 are both characterized by speculation and greed, a fundamental failure of pristine capitalism. Secondly, both crashes have followed an era of loose monetary policy and lax credit regulations for which hot shot individuals at the Central Banks and the comme rcial banks themselves share the blame. To add on to this, we have the menace created by the alluring yet highly risky business of derivatives.With nothing much to defend, the question arises, are we headed towards a depression as in 1929 or is the situation still under control? The likely scenario that we face is a gloomy one. The level of debt that individuals hold is high. The housing crash has wiped out a large portion of the banks credit portfolios. Other advances are also suffering as falling income levels, losses on a highly volatile stock market and rising unemployment are triggering people to default.This is making depositors uneasy as they are shifting money between Banks causing liquidity issues for them. Some Banks have closed down, unable to honor commitments. Others are set to follow. Low liquidity and capital losses means that these financial institutions are refraining from new lending despite the availability of cheap credit. Lack of financial facilitation means tha t businesses are suffering a lack of confidence and the economy is slowing down, marred with deflation, unemployment, high debt levels and low production. The Secretary of the US Treasury, Mr.Hank Paulson’s Emergency Bail out Plan, is set out to counter these problems and save America and the world from recession. The original idea was that the purpose of the plan would be to purchase bad mortgage related assets, reduce uncertainty regarding the worth of the remaining assets, and restore confidence in the credit markets. The treasury was given sweeping powers with 250 billion dollars of immediate funding. If need arose, an additional 100 billion dollars would be available on the discretion of the President and another 350 billion dollars following a congressional resolution.Over time, the plan has come to embody a whole list of objectives including provisions on how to prevent foreclosures, deposit insurance, restrictions on executive pay and equity interests in financial ins titutions. The plan has met a mixed reaction. While there is a strong argument that the plan could be inflationary (Hudson, 2008), some argue that it would tend to be the opposite (UBS, 2008). There is also argument that this plan is aiming to fix a bruised and battered system and that we need a new and revitalized system for credit screening. Detractors also point to the fact that the plan keeps on changing.It seems, from the looks of it, that the treasury is determined to stop the bloodshed with its 700 billion dollars but lacks any coherent strategy to do so. Whatever the case, lets build on basic macroeconomics to see how the plan will affect the American and the world economy and then make an informed conclusion on what the US Treasury should instead aim at. To take a short trip back down history lane, when the 1929 depression struck, John Maynard Keynes argued that Government intervention through a budget deficit would alleviate these conditions.Initially the private sector is unwilling to invest. However, as government spending increases, it raises the private sector’s interest. Gradually, confidence returns. Monetarists held an opposing view. While Keynes argued that higher incomes would lead the poor strata of society to consume more, monetarists held that this additional income would go back to paying off debts and accumulated obligations and not add to the value of the multiplier. (Lipsey & Harbuy, 1992) The US Treasury and the Federal Reserve it seems are following a middle line here.While the Federal Reserve is cutting interest rates to stimulate business activity, capital infusions by the US Treasury is intended to help banks lend more freely. Thus, we are witnessing a mixture of Keynesian and Monetarist school of thought. Although there is little argument to the fact that this plan is inflationary in nature, the problem that it fails to address is that the US Treasury, despite making equity infusions in banks, buying troubled assets, lowe ring interest rates and taking steps to reduce uncertainty cannot force banks to lend.While some point to the inflationary nature of the program and its evolving nature, it seems that the major flaw is that it cannot help but wait when banks start lending freely and unfreeze the credit markets, stimulating business activity. Thus, as far as the effects go, it seems likely that if the banks refrain from lending even at the now cheaper interest rates and merely choose to sit on the cash, it is highly likely that the plan would fail plunging America into a recession. This lack of financial facilitation will also affect the world as the USA is acting as a demand powerhouse for the world.It is likely that the World may move into recession too as export markets in America contract. On the other hand, if the plan was to succeed in unfreezing the credit markets and stimulating business activity, we will see inflation followed by bouts of constrained monetary betterment. This would help the world economy too as exports will be less affected and American consumption will fuel their growth. However, in either case, these 700 billion dollars will ultimately affect the taxpayer in future years, in the form of an increased tax liability.However, the most worrying thought is that the recovery could be a jobless one. The bail out plan may put back business and consumer confidence back on track but the increased money supply might not affect unemployment levels in a major way as US firms continue to move production facilities abroad. Therefore, a coherent strategy aimed at increasing industrial production and reducing unemployment inside the US is augmented. For this reason, other counties, possibly China will have to step up and act as a demand generator. (Shafi 2008)To conclude, if the plan is not able to unfreeze the credit markets, there is little chance that the world might escape a depression. If the plan was to work, two scenarios present themselves. By returning to the old way of consuming more, the US Treasury will allow the legacy of the old system to survive. Instead, if the focus would be towards industrial and export led growth, the system of budget deficits and trade deficits and the large sums of money conjured in maintaining them will die and a new world order built on fiscal facilitation and sound monetary management will evolve.References: Hudson, Michael (2008). The bailout is a giveaway that will cause hyperinflation and dollar collapse. The Real News. Retrieved on 13-12-2008 Lipsey G. , H. & Harbury, C. (1992) First Principles of Economics. London: Oxford University Press. Shafi, A. (2008). A Walk Down Memory Lane: The Sub Prime Mortage Crisis and the Great Depression revisited. The Financial Flicker Retrieved on 13-12-2008 UBS. (2008) There is no alternative. â€Å"Policy measures are anti-deflationary. They are not inflationary. † Retrieved on 13-12-2008

Information And Theory Of Security Management - 1062 Words

HOME SECURITY VULNERABILITIES IN NORTHSIDE Aaron Sneddon DeVry University PRINCIPLES AND THEORY OF SECURITY MANAGEMENT (SEC310) James Leiman March 15, 2015 Introduction In this day and age everyone has to be concerned with security threats that could occur at their home. According to Safeguard, â€Å"2,000,000 home burglaries are reported each year in the United States† (2010). Since there are so many burglaries a year in the United Stated, you need to understand what your current security standings is in your residence and then also understand what you can do to improve it. I have been living in the Northside area in Cincinnati for the past two years. The building that I currently live in has built layers of security by having a fence, doors, lighting and cameras to watch over the place. Security Assessment I currently live in the American Can Lofts that are located in Northside in Cincinnati. The Northside area has a perception of a being an unsafe area as it is near the college campus and the income is lower. According to Areavibes, â€Å"The estimated Northside crime index is 4% higher than the Cincinnati average and the Cincinnati crime index is 110% higher than the Ohio average† (2015). So the crime index is higher for Northside area, but not that much different from Cincinnati. I feel pretty safe walking around the neighborhood as you can see police officers patrolling occasionally. There is also usually a good amount of people walking around. The first layerShow MoreRelatedAn Evaluation of Information Security and Risk Management Theories1903 Words   |  8 PagesAn abundance of information security and risk management theories are prevalent; however, it can be difficult to identify valid and applicable theories. In the reading to follow, several information security and risk management theories are evaluated. 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In the paper, Securing Mobile Ad Hoc Networks with Certificateless Public Keys [1], Yanchao Zhang et al. presents IKM, an ID-based key management scheme as a novel combination of ID-based and

Themes in Albert Camus quot;The Plague.quot; Essay

Albert Camus was born on the 7th of November 1913 in Mondovi, Algeria to Lucien Camus, whose family had settled in Algeria in 1871, and Catherine Sintes, of Spanish origin. During Camus high school years, he met Jean Grenier, the man who would influence Camus career to the greatest extent by opening his mind to the philosophy of thinkers such as Nietzsche and Bergson. He and Grenier focused much of their writing on the duality of mortality. Still achieving highly at school, Camus received his diploma from the University in philosophy in 1936, examining the legacies and conflicts of thought in his thesis, which would later inhabit his works. The philosophy of moralism he formulated led to his ideas of the absurd, a state which can†¦show more content†¦Individuals were regarded as free to determine themselves through such choices. A pessimist mood characterised the early post-war years reflected in Jean Paul Sartres philosophy of existentialism. This was the backdrop under which Camus wrote. The Plague is classified under the genre of Impressionistic realism. There is no doubt that the book was written as an allegorical experience of the author living in German occupied France during the Second World War. The book is also read as, the occupation of Algeria by France. Another interpretation of the book is that the book is a critique of totalitarian communist ideology, in which the plague symbolises the repression of the people by a ruthless government machinery. My attempt in this paper, though, is to bring out the various themes present in the novel. Through this book, Camus tries to portray mans fight against an all pervading and arbitrary enemy. The entire novel can be viewed as a statement about life and death, i.e. about human existence in general. As with his other novels, The Plague deals with conflicts and struggles, freedom and responsibility, alienation and the difficulty in facing life without belief in God or in absolute moral standards. Other major themes one finds interwoven into this novel are suffering, separation, sickness, rebellion, sympathy, and mechanisation of life. In the novel an epidemic ravages the commercial port town of Oran, in Algeria. The early symptoms likeShow MoreRelatedThe Portrayal of Society in Of Mice and Men and The Outsider Essay1430 Words   |  6 Pages(1902-1968). John Steinbeck writes mainly short stories and novels, he was born in Salinas California, which is the same area where the book of mice and men is set. He is became widely known thanks to his peace: tequila flat. Steinbecks novels have themes of social criticism in them, a lot about the economic problems in rural labor. Good examples of books written by John Steinbeck: dubious battle (1936), of mice and men (1937), the long valley (1938) and east of Eden (1952). The story line is writtenRead MoreExistentialism vs Essentialism23287 Words   |  94 Pages Existentialism can also be difficult to understand because it does not consist of a specific dogma, or a set of metaphysical claims. Existentialism is not a definitive claim about the world or the people in it. It is marked, instead, by a set of themes about the human condition and the struggles and freedoms that humans must endure, or perhaps embrace. Despite the various and often conflicting views held by many existentialist philosophers, there are several main concepts of existentialism that

Why Do We Need The Security - 1305 Words

Not to mention, it will help the follower and leader understand exactly why things are operating in that capacity. Managers do not just make things up as time goes on. All information being flowed has a structure in place for this important reason. It will be easier to adjust when situations arise and things are not going as planned. The reason it will be easier is because the structure of positions from the top on down understands each role and responsibility. Without a solid foundation, security will not stand and target of opportunity will get out of control. Another key point, is to ensure management continues to understand security with continued study and education. Just because a security professional makes it to a certain†¦show more content†¦A final management principle and a very important one to consider is performance. Not performance of self, but all security professionals in the industry. Performance can mean a lot of things and understand specifics need to be further evaluated. Specific areas to consider when evaluated employees are each security professionals potential. If a manger understands who is working for the industry it will create a better work environment. Additionally, members of the team need to be evaluated based off performance. This can highlight future leaders, managers and maybe even top level positions for the future. A manager is only as good as the people working within the industry. Growth needs to be instilled in each employee in order to keep a standard of excellence. How does this look like and what actions need to be taken? First and foremost, manager’s needs to ensure leaders are evaluating security personnel based off duty performance. In the military a rank structure exists for many reasons. One driving factor is position and how well each individual performs based off the entire team. 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Culinary artistry Free Essays

Culinary artistry goes beyond the ordinary art forms. Unlike painting, literature, and the performing arts, culinary arts offer more than just the usual ocular, intellectual, or auditory experience. The culinary arts combine all of the aspects of all the art forms that we know of – a culinary masterpiece, unlike any other masterpiece in any art field should offer a multi-disciplinary experience as well as please the two other remaining sensations of taste and smell. We will write a custom essay sample on Culinary artistry or any similar topic only for you Order Now A culinary obra maestra has to complete the experience by offering visual appeal, the application of the concepts of food preparation, as well as the ultimate experience for the palate. Chef Jacques Torres has undoubtedly mastered the art of food preparation and more. Our likely chef was already a master in the kitchen at the tender age of 15. He spent most of his childhood in Bandol, in the south of France and was an apprentice in a relatively small pastry shop called La Frangipane. His two years being an apprentice was sheer pleasure for this young chef, and as a testament to this passion for cooking, he graduated at the top his apprenticeship class. Chef Torres went to attend high school and spent a year in the military; these however, did not dampen his passion for the culinary arts. Upon leaving the military he pursued his love for cooking and polished his culinary skills at the La Cadiere d’Azur where he earned the degree of master pastry chef. At 26 years old, Chef Torres was recognized by his countrymen with the most prestigious award for French craftsmen, the Meilleur Ouvrier de France Patissier (Best Pastry Chef in France), making him the youngest in history ever to receive this coveted recognition. He did not stop here – during this considerably early period in his career, Chef Torres already began to reap awards from all over the world; among these are the gold medal of the Japanese Pastry Chef Association and his win in the 1986 French Championship of Desserts M. O. F. , to name a couple. He was quite aggressive in pursuing his passion as he went on to spend culinary weeks in Tokyo, Sydney, Melbourne, and Spain as well as went on a culinary cruise with Le Figaro’s through the countries of the Mediterranean. He also offered consultation and product development services to Cointreau and Valrhona. Later, he also left for the United States to participate in the rededication ceremonies of the Statue of Liberty honoring President Francois Mitterand of France and President Ronald Reagan of the United States. Chef Torres wanted to share his expertise to aspiring chefs, which made him a cut above other chefs who would like to keep their secrets to themselves. Chef Torres believed in the value of legacy and made sure that his legacy lasted forever by ensuring that his skills and knowledge was appropriate transferred to younger chefs who shared his passion for pastry. Ideally, Chef Torres wanted to improve the area of pastry making so that the world could experience the wonders of this desert. To accomplish this particular objective of his, Chef Torres joined the French Culinary Institute Faculty in 1993. He even went to as far as designing the Classic Pastry Arts curriculum for the school. His dedication to the education of aspiring chefs appropriately made him the program’s Dean of Pastry Arts. His commitment to the education of young chefs allowed him to pay back the industry that made him into whatever he has become. He was a good educator and many of his students have gone on to pursue their own careers and make milestones of their own. Chef Torres was also a health buff, he regularly joins the New York City Marathon. As a testament to his love affair with health a few of his recipes appeared in the French Culinary (your family name) 3 Institute’s ‘Salute to Healthy Cooking (Rodale, 1998)’. This recipe book pays particular attention to healthy eating and cooking and so features menus arranged according to season availability that are a made from low-fat, healthy ingredients the classic French culinary way. No less than the Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company hired Chef Torres as the corporate pastry chef in 1998. He was with the Ritz for a year until the great Sirio Maccioni invited him to be the executive pastry chef of Le Cirque which featured a custom-built state-of-the-art pastry kitchen. His work at Le Cirque allowed him to wow patrons with his creations. He gave them the culinary experience of a lifetime, one they will never forget. People from all over the country and even the world began to consider Le Cirque as the home of deserts made only for the gods. More and more, the patronage of Le Cirque grew. The patrons wanted more of Chef Torres’ deserts, and not only that, they wanted the diversity of the choices and expected more to come from this culinary genius. Chef Torres, on the other hand, never wasted a dull moment in making his creations and as a result, none of his patrons went away disappointed. They either had a wide smile on their faces or a small paper bag filled with more of his deserts to take home. For eleven years, Chef Torres impressed his clientele with his culinary expertise. As his fame spread throughout the land, his fame also grew. Soon enough, the demands were too much for the culinary genius; and as if his work at Le Cirque was not enough, Chef Torres also launched Dessert Circus with Jacques Torres, a public access show that aired 52 episodes; aside from this, he also released two recipe books to accompany the show, â€Å"Dessert Circus: Extraordinary Desserts You Can Make at Home† and â€Å"Dessert Circus at Home†, the former of which earned a 1999 James Beard Nomination. He did not however take any offense against these demands, in fact, ;his spirit was more than willing to indulge in the demands, but his flesh was weak, and so stress took the culinary genius down. After eleven years of heavenly deserts and more than satisfied customers, Chef Torres made a milestone decision; he left Le Cirque to start his own business. Fortunately, Chef Torres was not just an exquisite pastry chef but a businessman as well. He opened his own chocolate factory in Brooklyn and called it Jacques Torres Chocolate. The name was synonymous with the chef’s amazing deserts, and who can resist chocolate created by someone who can create divine deserts? Chef Torres wasted no time in building his business; he personally took care of the retail, wholesale, and internet operations, and in not time, his creations reached chocolate lovers from all over the world. His Chocolate Coconut Napoleon, Chocolate Bark, and Chocolate Mousse all became instant hits. How else would chocolate stuff made from real chocolate fare? To add to this, Chef Torres also created some unusual chocolate flavors like ginger-laced and chili-laced chocolates which became demand items! Soon after, in 2004, Chef Torres went into another giant venture, he opened a chocolate factory in Manhattan. The factory is a mix of cafe, retail, and manufacturing so that the guests can actually see how chocolate is created straight from cocoa beans, making Chef Torres a real live Willy Wonka. A feature to note is that Chef Torres is the only chocolatier who not only creates his own candy, but his own chocolate as well. Chef Torres’ chocolate has earned a name for itself in the roster of great chocolate makers like Godiva. Chef Torres too has earned a name for himself, even before his chocolate acquired his very own signature. Chef Torres was named the James Beard Pastry Chef of the Year, received the Chartreuse Pastry Chef award, was named the Chefs of America Pastry Chef of the Year, and earned membership into the Academie Culinaire de France. (your family name) 4 Chef Torres also has a big heart for children and the elderly. He has never hesitated to share his blessings to the less fortunate members of society, so aside from teaching the art of pastry making at The FCI, demonstrating his skills around the world, and creating and selling exquisite chocolates, Chef Torres also spends time with and donates generously to various charity organizations. We don’t really know if it is this commitment and dedication of Chef Torres to the needy that has given him all the great things that he is currently enjoying or his inherent talent and expertise in the craft that he loves; but one thing is for sure, whatever the reason for Chef Torres’ success, he is one individual who was never afraid to take the risk. His initially venture in Brooklyn was a big risk in itself considering the area in which his factory would be in. He took the risk and put more confidence in his business mind than in his fears and went on to pursue the challenge. This makes Chef Torres not only a brilliant chef, a chocolatier, or a teacher, but also a successful and proactive businessman. A passion in one’s chosen field always yields great results. Chef Torres is a classic example of this particular philosophy; like other great artists who came before his time, whether in the field of literature, visual arts, or the performing arts, Chef Torres has proven himself to society and to the world. There are challenges in pursuing your own particular field of endeavor but being persistent and being dedicated to your chosen field can always work for your dreams. Perhaps, Chef Torres did not know or dream of how great he can be, perhaps he just did well in pursuing his particular field of endeavor, but the burning passion and love that he spent on his craft paid-off well, and big time. The lesson that we could learn from this great chef is that it doesn’t really matter where you come from and what you believe in so as long as you have passion for your particular field of endeavor – always, what happens is, people acquire the contagion of our passion, dedication, and sincerity, and whether they like it or not, they all end up developing an acquired love for our art. (your family name) 5 References Treuting, J. (2007). Jacques Torres. Retrieved March 1, 2009, from http://www. delish. com/cooking-shows/famous-chefs/celebrity-chef-jacques-torres? ref=findex Chef2Chef (2007). Chef Torres’s Biography. Retrieved March 1, 2009, from http://topchefs. chef2chef. net/recipes-2/torres/ How to cite Culinary artistry, Papers

Experiment 3B Fractional Semi-microscale Distillation Separation of Hexane and Toluene free essay sample

Experiment 3B: Fractional Semi-microscale Distillation Separation of Hexane and Toluene. Objective: The main goal of this lab is to learn how separation of binary liquid mixtures is performed. Especially when the two liquids have boiling points varying by about 30 ° C. Hexane can be separated from toluene in this experiment because of the difference in their boiling points. Since toluene has a higher boiling point, it will left at the bottom while the hexane starts to boil out and collect in the Hickman still. GC measurements help us in determining how accurate our data is by making a graph of the amount of hexane and toluene in each fraction. Also this lab gives experience with semi-micro distillation in order for experiments in the future that might need this purification setup. Experimental Procedure: This lab follows the experimental procedure of the book as outline in the Mayo book on pages 133 and 134. However; the following modification were made to the procedure: Use gas chromatography instead of refractive index Observations: Mixed exact quantities in 5mL conical vial Temperature moved really slowly but kept boiling throughout. Collected Fraction 1 at 35 °C Temperature dropped after a short while from 55 °C to about 45 °C. Larger amounts of vapor/liquid during Fraction 2 collected. Started collecting fraction 3 at 0 °C. Calculations: Retention Time: Fraction 1: Peak 1: distance from starting point = 1.2cm, therefore time = 1.2 minute. Peak 3: distance from starting point = 4cm therefore time = 4 minutes. Fraction 3: Peak 1: distance from starting point = 1.3cm therefore time = 1.3 minute. Peak 3: distance from starting point = 4cm therefore time = 4 minutes Peak Area: Fraction 1: Peak 1: Peak Height measured at 116mm and 3mm width. Therefore, Peak Area = (116*4)/2 = 174 mm2. Plus the small isomers curve with height 13 mm and width 2mm should give entire peak 1 value. 174 + (13 *4)/2 = 200mm2. Peak 2: Peak height measured at 11mm and width at 5mm. Peak Area = (11*5)/2 = 27.5 mm2. Fraction 3: Peak 1: Peak height 8.5mm and 1mm width. Peak area = (8.5 * 1)/2 = 4.5mm2. Plus the small isomer curve with height of 2mm and width 1mm should give the entire peak 1 value. 4.5 + (2*1)/2= 5.5 mm2. Peak 2: Peak height 77mm and width of 6mm. Peak area = (77 * 6)/2 = 231 mm2. Questions: 1. In the Data and Results Table, you have identified the peaks in your gas chromatogram. Explain how you made your assignments and what physical property determines the order of elution (which component elutes first, which component elutes last, and why?) a. Since Hexane is lighter and has a lower molecular weight than compared to toluene, it is expected to be faster than toluene. Therefore; when added into the GC, it is expected that the light molecules of hexanes will show up first on the charts. In the GC, the hexanes would be able to move through the system through much quicker than the toluene. 2. On a gas chromatogram, what do the peak areas represent? The peak areas can be viewed as looking at the densities. By looking at the amount of area it covers we can approximate the amount of hexanes in gaseous form that was injected into the GC. 3. The GC data may be used to verify the  results of the distillation (was there actually any separation of the hexanes/toluene mixture?). a. For each fraction collected, what do the GC data (peak identities and peak areas) tell you about the progress of the distillation? Be sure to comment on the relative peak areas of the two peaks observed for each fraction. It helps show that the two compounds both have different temperatures under which they boil. For instance hexanes’ boiling occurs at a lower heat setting so that is why in the first fraction we can view a greater peak of hexanes than toluene. In the third fraction we notice that toluene is found in higher abundances there. This helps when trying to distill out or separate the two compounds. b. Are the GC data consistent with your expectations? The GC data is what is expected, however there were some difference noticed with it than expected. For instance, the first fraction came out with more toluene that was originally expected and the graph showed this. Small unexpected material like this was the only thing not expected with the GC data. 4. Most of you did not have enough time to complete the redistillations of Fraction 1 and Fraction 3, but you are still equipped to anticipate the results. a. For the redistillation of Fraction 1, predict how the gas chromatogram for the initial fraction would have differed from the gas chromatogram of Fraction 1 from Distillation 1. The peaks would be more pronounced and there would be a greater variance in the size of the peaks. Peak 1 would be much higher and steeper and peak 3 or the toluene peak would be found much smaller. b. Similarly, for the redistillation of Fraction 3, predict how the gas chromatogram for the final fraction would have differed from the gas chromatogram of Fraction 3 from Distillation 1. b.i. The difference between the re-distillation of fraction 3 and the initial distillation of fraction 3 would show some variance but overall the expected results would still be viewable. There would be a slightly lower peak for hexane and the amount of toluene would have a higher peak as compared to initial distillation of fraction 3. 5. Explain why Distillation 1 did not give two pure fractions. Suggest at least one method to improve the separation efficiency of the distillation of hexanes and toluene. a. Since we are boiling away a chemical mixture, there might be toluene that is able to heat up and boil before hexane does. No matter what we do, toluene willn  still sometimes boil with the hexan e at a lower temperature, but by increasing the surface area of the Hickman still or by adding more boiling stones, which also functions to increase the surface area, we can achieve greater separation efficiencies during the distillation of hexanes and toluene.